Reference List

Here you’ll find the list of references for Saltwater: A Natural History of the Sea.

References and Further Reading

It’s of primary importance to me that I do everything possible to ensure the information that I provide in Saltwater is as accurate as possible. To do this, I consulted quite a few scientific papers and reports, which I cite below on a chapter-by-chapter basis.

Some wonderful books have been written about the sea and about marine life, and as further reading, I’d recommend James Bradley’s Deep Water, Helen Czerski’s Blue Machine, Charles Clover’s Rewilding the Sea, David Abulafia’s The Boundless Sea, Helen Scales’ What the Sea Can Be and Adam Nicholson’s The Seabird’s Cry

Prologue

Chapter 1: Constellations of the Deep

Chapter 2: Hinterlands

Chapter 3: A Kaleidoscope of Shells

Chapter 4: Where Shadows Drift

Chapter 5: The Cold Hearts of the Sea

Chapter 6: The Jewel Sea

Chapter 7: Amid the Flashing and Feathery Foam

Epilogue

Prologue

Ballard, R. D. (1977). Notes on a Major Oceanographic Find. Oceanus, 20.

Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 6506–6511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115

Boeuf, G. (2011). Marine biodiversity characteristics. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 334, 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.02.009

Briggs, J. C. (1995). Chapter 13 Species diversity: Land and sea (Vol. 14, pp. 371–389). Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5446(06)80063-4

Chen, J., Zhang, T., Tominaga, M., Escartin, J., & Kang, R. (2023). Ocean Sciences with the Spilhaus Projection: A Seamless Ocean Map for Spatial Data Recognition. Scientific Data, 10, 410. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02309-6

Corliss, J. B., Dymond, J., Gordon, L. I., Edmond, J. M., von Herzen, R. P., Ballard, R. D., Green, K., Williams, D., Bainbridge, A., Crane, K., & van Andel, T. H. (1979). Submarine Thermal Springs on the Galápagos Rift. Science, 203, 1073–1083. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4385.1073

Dodd, M. S., Papineau, D., Grenne, T., Slack, J. F., Rittner, M., Pirajno, F., O’Neil, J., & Little, C. T. S. (2017). Evidence for early life in Earth’s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates. Nature, 543, 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21377

Fox, L., Stukins, S., Hill, T., & Miller, C. G. (2020). Quantifying the Effect of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Calcifying Plankton. Scientific Reports, 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58501-w

Hawthorne, D., & Minot, F. (1954). The Inexhaustible Sea. The Scientific Book Club.

Jordan, S. F., Rammu, H., Zheludev, I. N., Hartley, A. M., Maréchal, A., & Lane, N. (2019). Promotion of protocell self-assembly from mixed amphiphiles at the origin of life. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3, 1705–1714. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1015-y

Mladenov, P. V. (2020). Marine Biology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.

Rodrigues-Oliveira, T., Wollweber, F., Ponce-Toledo, R. I., Xu, J., Rittmann, S. K.-M. R., Klingl, A., Pilhofer, M., & Schleper, C. (2022). Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaeon. Nature, 613, 332–339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y

Sramek, P., Simeckova, M., Jansky, L., Savlikova, J., & Vybiral, S. (2000). Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 81, 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050065

White, M. P., Alcock, I., Wheeler, B. W., & Depledge, M. H. (2013). Coastal proximity, health and well-being: Results from a longitudinal panel survey. Health & Place, 23, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.05.006

Chapter 1. Constellations of the Deep – Marine Life in the Depths

Whale Falls

Allison, P. A., Smith, C. R., Kukert, H., Deming, J. W., & Bennett, B. A. (1991). Deep-water taphonomy of vertebrate carcasses: A whale skeleton in the bathyal Santa Catalina Basin. Paleobiology, 17, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010368

Avila, A. K. F., Shimabukuro, M., Couto, D. M., Alfaro-Lucas, J. M., Sumida, P. Y. G., & Gallucci, F. (2023). Whale falls as chemosynthetic refugia: A perspective from free-living deep-sea nematodes. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1111249

Bennett, B., Smith, C., Glaser, B., & Maybaum, H. (1994). Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 108, 205–223. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108205

Johnson, S. B., Warén, A., Lee, R. W., Kano, Y., Kaim, A., Davis, A., Strong, E. E., & Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2010). Rubyspira, New Genus and Two New Species of Bone-Eating Deep-Sea Snails With Ancient Habits. The Biological Bulletin, 219, 166–177. https://doi.org/10.1086/bblv219n2p166

Kiel, S. (2016). A biogeographic network reveals evolutionary links between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and methane seep faunas. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283, 20162337. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2337

Li, Q., Liu, Y., Li, G., Wang, Z., Zheng, Z., Sun, Y., Lei, N., Li, Q., & Zhang, W. (2022). Review of the Impact of Whale Fall on Biodiversity in Deep-Sea Ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.885572

Nanajkar, M., De, K., Desai, A., Mote, S., & Sautya, S. (2022). Ecology of Cold Seep Habitats (A. Mazumdar & W. Ghosh, Eds.; pp. 263–283). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119554356.ch13

Pearson, H. C., Savoca, M. S., Costa, D. P., Lomas, M. W., Molina, R., Pershing, A. J., Smith, C. R., Villaseñor-Derbez, J. C., Wing, S. R., & Roman, J. (2022). Whales in the carbon cycle: Can recovery remove carbon dioxide? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.012

Smith, C. R., Amon, D. J., Higgs, N. D., Glover, A. G., & Young, E. L. (2017). Data are inadequate to test whale falls as chemosynthetic stepping-stones using network analysis: Faunal overlaps do support a stepping-stone role. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284, 20171281. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1281

Smith, C. R., & Baco, A. R. (2003). Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 41, 311–354.

Smith, C. R., Glover, A. G., Treude, T., Higgs, N. D., & Amon, D. J. (2015). Whale-Fall Ecosystems: Recent Insights into Ecology, Paleoecology, and Evolution. Annual Review of Marine Science, 7, 571–596. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135144

Smith, C. R., Kukert, H., Wheatcroft, R. A., Jumars, P. A., & Deming, J. W. (1989). Vent fauna on whale remains. Nature, 341, 27–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/341027a0

Taviani, M., Montagna, P., Hosie, A. M., Castellan, G., Kemper, C., Foglini, F., McCulloch, M., & Trotter, J. (2024). Whale fall chemosymbiotic communities in a southwest Australian submarine canyon fills a distributional gap. Heliyon, 10, e29206–e29206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29206

Treude, T., Smith, C., Wenzhöfer, F., Carney, E., Bernardino, A., Hannides, A., Krüger, M., & Boetius, A. (2009). Biogeochemistry of a deep-sea whale fall: Sulfate reduction, sulfide efflux and methanogenesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 382, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07972

Hagfish

Böni, L., Fischer, P., Böcker, L., Kuster, S., & Rühs, P. A. (2016). Hagfish slime and mucin flow properties and their implications for defense. Scientific Reports, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30371

Brownstein, C. D., & Near, T. J. (2024). Colonization of the ocean floor by jawless vertebrates across three mass extinctions. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 24, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-024-02253-y

Clark, A. J., & Summers, A. P. (2007). Morphology and kinematics of feeding in hagfish: Possible functional advantages of jaws. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210, 3897–3909. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.006940

Heimberg, A. M., Cowper-Sallari, R., Semon, M., Donoghue, P. C. J., & Peterson, K. J. (2010). microRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys, and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 19379–19383. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010350107

Taylor, L., Chaudhary, G., Jain, G., Lowe, A. B., Hupe, A., Negishi, A., Zeng, Y., Ewoldt, R. H., & Fudge, D. S. (2023). Mechanisms of gill-clogging by hagfish slime. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 20. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0774

Zeng, Y., Plachetzki, D. C., Nieders, K., Campbell, H., Cartee, M., Sabrina, P. M., Guillen, K., & Fudge, D. (2023). Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime. Elife, 12, e81405. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.81405

Zintzen, V., Roberts, C. D., Anderson, M. J., Stewart, A. L., Struthers, C. D., & Harvey, E. S. (2011). Hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism. Scientific Reports, 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00131

Hydrothermal Vents and Seeps

Ballard, R. D. (1977). Notes on a Major Oceanographic Find. Oceanus, 20.

Macdonald, K. C., & Mudie, J. D. (1974). Microearthquakes on the Galapagos Spreading Centre and the Seismicity of Fast-Spreading Ridges. Geophysical Journal International, 36, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb03636.x

National Research Council & Ocean Studies Board (2000). 50 Years of Ocean Discovery. National Academies Press.

Oreskes, N. (2013). Earth science: How plate tectonics clicked. Nature, 501, 27–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/501027a

Vent Biology

Barge, L. M., Flores, E., Baum, M. M., VanderVelde, D. G., & Russell, M. J. (2019). Redox and pH gradients drive amino acid synthesis in iron oxyhydroxide mineral systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 4828–4833. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812098116

Bell, J. F., Woulds, C., Brown, L. E., Sweeting, C. J., Reid, W. H., Crispin, & Glover, A. G. (2016). Macrofaunal Ecology of Sedimented Hydrothermal Vents in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00032

Bir, J., Golder, R., & Khalil, S. I. (2020). Adaptation in extreme underwater vent ecosystem: A case study on Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 7, 25–32.

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Breusing, C., Mitchell, J., Delaney, J., Sylva, S. P., Seewald, J. S., Girguis, P. R., & Beinart, R. A. (2020). Physiological dynamics of chemosynthetic symbionts in hydrothermal vent snails. The ISME Journal, 14, 2568–2579. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0707-2

Bright, M., Klose, J., & Nussbaumer, A. D. (2013). Giant tubeworms. Current Biology, 23, R224–R225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.039

Buckman, K. L. (2009). Biotic and Abiotic Interactions of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent-Endemic Fish on the East Pacific Rise [PhD Thesis].

Chen, C., Jamieson, J. W., & Tunnicliffe, V. (2024). Hydrothermal vent fauna of the Galápagos Rift: Updated species list with new records. Marine Biodiversity, 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-024-01408-w

Dick, G. J. (2019). The microbiomes of deep-sea hydrothermal vents: Distributed globally, shaped locally. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17, 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0160-2

Dong, C., Xie, Y., Li, H., Lai, Q., Liu, X., & Shao, Z. (2019). Faunal and microbial biodiversity of the newly discovered Deyin-1 hydrothermal vent field at 15°S on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers, 153, 103134–103134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103134

Durkin, A., Fisher, C. R., & Cordes, E. E. (2017). Extreme longevity in a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm and its implications for the evolution of life history strategies. The Science of Nature, 104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-017-1479-z

Flores, J. F., Fisher, C. R., Carney, S. L., Green, B. N., Freytag, J. K., Schaeffer, S. W., & Royer, W. E. (2005). Sulfide binding is mediated by zinc ions discovered in the crystal structure of a hydrothermal vent tubeworm hemoglobin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 2713–2718. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407455102

Georgieva, M. N., Wiklund, H., Bell, J. F., Eilertsen, M. H., Mills, R. A., Crispin, & Glover, A. G. (2015). A chemosynthetic weed: The tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum is a bipolar, cosmopolitan species. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0559-y

Govenar, B., Le Bris, N., Gollner, S., Glanville, J., Aperghis, A., Hourdez, S., & Fisher, C. (2005). Epifaunal community structure associated with Riftia pachyptila aggregations in chemically different hydrothermal vent habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 305, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps305067

Le Bris, N., Arnaud-Haond, S., Beaulieu, S., Cordes, E., Hilario, A., Rogers, A., van de Gaever, S., & Watanabe, H. (2017). Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps. Cambridge University Press eBooks, 853–862. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108186148.055

Le Bris, N., & Gaill, F. (2006). How does the annelid Alvinella pompejana deal with an extreme hydrothermal environment? Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 6, 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-006-9112-1

Pond, D. W., Fallick, A. E., Stevens, C. J., Morrison, D. J., & Dixon, D. R. (2008). Vertebrate nutrition in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem: Fatty acid and stable isotope evidence. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 55, 1718–1726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.006

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Ramirez-Llodra, E., Shank, T., & German, C. (2007). Biodiversity and Biogeography of Hydrothermal Vent Species: Thirty Years of Discovery and Investigations. Oceanography, 20, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.78

Rogers, A. D., Tyler, P. A., Connelly, D. P., Copley, J. T., James, R., Larter, R. D., Linse, K., Mills, R. A., Garabato, A. N., Pancost, R. D., Pearce, D. A., Polunin, N. V. C., German, C. R., Shank, T., Boersch-Supan, P. H., Alker, B. J., Aquilina, A., Bennett, S. A., Clarke, A., … Zwirglmaier, K. (2012). The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography. PLoS Biology, 10, e1001234. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001234

Sancho, G., Fisher, C. R., Mills, S., Micheli, F., Johnson, G. A., Lenihan, H. S., Peterson, C. H., & Mullineaux, L. S. (2005). Selective predation by the zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 52, 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.002

Scandurra, R., Consalvi, V., Chiaraluce, R., Politi, L., & Engel, P. C. (1998). Protein thermostability in extremophiles. Biochimie, 80, 933–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9084(00)88890-2

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Szabo, C. (2018). A timeline of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) research: From environmental toxin to biological mediator. Biochemical Pharmacology, 149, 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.010

Thatje, S., Marsh, L., Roterman, C. N., Mavrogordato, M. N., & Linse, K. (2015). Adaptations to Hydrothermal Vent Life in Kiwa tyleri, a New Species of Yeti Crab from the East Scotia Ridge, Antarctica. PLOS ONE, 10, e0127621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127621

Thomas, E. A., Sigwart, J. D., & Helyar, S. J. (2022). New evidence for a cosmopolitan holothurian species at deep-sea reducing environments. Marine Biodiversity, 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01298-w

Thurber, A. R., Jones, W. J., & Schnabel, K. (2011). Dancing for Food in the Deep Sea: Bacterial Farming by a New Species of Yeti Crab. PLoS ONE, 6, e26243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026243

Zbinden, M., & Cambon-Bonavita, M. (2020). Rimicaris exoculata: Biology and ecology of a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents associated with ectosymbiotic bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 652, 187–222. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13467

Connectivity of Vents Sites and Relationship to Seeps and Whale Falls

Adams, D., Arellano, S., & Govenar, B. (2012). Larval Dispersal: Vent Life in the Water Column. Oceanography, 25, 256–268. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.24

Levin, L. A., Baco, A. R., Bowden, D. A., Colaco, A., Cordes, E. E., Cunha, M. R., Demopoulos, A. W. J., Gobin, J., Grupe, B. M., Le, J., Metaxas, A., Netburn, A. N., Rouse, G. W., Thurber, A. R., Tunnicliffe, V., Van Dover, C. L., Vanreusel, A., & Watling, L. (2016). Hydrothermal Vents and Methane Seeps: Rethinking the Sphere of Influence. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00072

Levin, L. A., Orphan, V. J., Rouse, G. W., Rathburn, A. E., Ussler, W., Cook, G. S., Goffredi, S. K., Perez, E. M., Waren, A., Grupe, B. M., Chadwick, G., & Strickrott, B. (2012). A hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin: Middle ground in a continuum of reducing ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 2580–2588. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0205

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Won, Y. J., Maas, P. A. Y., Lee, C., & Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2002). Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: Seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 43, 387–390.

Deep Sea Mining and the Benefits of Deep Sea Organisms

Annu, N., Harisha, B. S., Yewale, M., Akkinepally, B., & Shin, D. K. (2025). Green Batteries: A Sustainable Approach Towards Next-Generation Batteries. Batteries, 11, 258–258. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11070258

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García-de-Vinuesa, A., Demestre, M., Carreño, A., & Lloret, J. (2021). The Bioactive Potential of Trawl Discard: Case Study from a Crinoid Bed Off Blanes (North-Western Mediterranean). Marine Drugs, 19, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020083

Govindarajan, A. F., Llopiz, J. K., Caiger, P. E., Jech, J. M., Lavery, A. C., McMonagle, H., Wiebe, P. H., & Zhang, W. (Gordon). (2023). Assessing mesopelagic fish diversity and diel vertical migration with environmental DNA. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1219993

Hall, L. M. (2016). Investigating priceless orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) population dynamics using linear models of catch per unit effort (CPUE). https://doi.org/10.26021/7073

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Mohanty, A., Shilpa, & Meena, S. S. (2022). Microbial adaptation to extreme temperatures: An overview of molecular mechanisms to industrial application. Extremozymes and Their Industrial Applications, 115–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90274-8.00009-5

Okada, S., Chen, C., Watsuji, T., Nishizawa, M., Suzuki, Y., Sano, Y., Bissessur, D., Deguchi, S., & Takai, K. (2019). The making of natural iron sulfide nanoparticles in a hot vent snail. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 20376–20381. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908533116

Scott, A. R. (2015). Polymers: Secrets from the deep sea. Nature, 519, S12–S13. https://doi.org/10.1038/519s12a

Sharma, R. (2017). Deep-Sea Mining: Resource Potential, Technical and Environmental Considerations. Springer International Publishing.

Tasiemski, A., Jung, S., Boidin-Wichlacz, C., Jollivet, D., Cuvillier-Hot, V., Pradillon, F., Vetriani, C., Hecht, O., Sönnichsen, F. D., Gelhaus, C., Hung, C.-W., Tholey, A., Leippe, M., Grötzinger, J., & Gaill, F. (2014). Characterization and Function of the First Antibiotic Isolated from a Vent Organism: The Extremophile Metazoan Alvinella pompejana. PLoS ONE, 9, e95737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095737

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White, K. M., Rosales, R., Yildiz, S., Kehrer, T., Miorin, L., Moreno, E., Jangra, S., Uccellini, M. B., Rathnasinghe, R., Coughlan, L., Martinez-Romero, C., Batra, J., Rojc, A., Bouhaddou, M., Fabius, J. M., Obernier, K., Dejosez, M., Guillén, M. J., Losada, A., … García-Sastre, A. (2021). Plitidepsin has potent preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein eEF1A. Science (New York, N.y.), 371, 926–931. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf4058

Life in the Deep Sea

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Baucon, A., Ferretti, A., Fioroni, C., Pandolfi, L., Serpagli, E., Piccinini, A., Neto, C., Cachão, M., Linley, T., Muñiz, F., Belaústegui, Z., Jamieson, A., Lo Russo, G., Guerrini, F., Ferrando, S., & Priede, I. (2023). The earliest evidence of deep-sea vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306164120

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Bioluminescence

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Origins of Life

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Chapter 2. Hinterlands – Where Fresh Meets Salt

Eels

Amilhat, E., Armstrong, F., Bajinskis, J., Basic, T., Beaulaton, L., Belpaire, C., Bernotas, P., Boulenger, C., Brämick, U., Briand, C., Camara, K., Chebel, F., Ciccotti, E., Deriouiche, E., Diaz, E., Didrikas, T., Domingos, I., Dorow, M., Drouineau, H., … Ozdilek, S. Y. (2022). Joint EIFAAC/ICES/GFCM Working Group on Eels (WGEEL). Research Portal Denmark, 297. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.20418840

Arai, T. (2020). Ecology and evolution of migration in the freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla Schrank, 1798. Heliyon, 6, e05176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05176

Cresci, A. (2020). A comprehensive hypothesis on the migration of European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla). Biological Reviews, 95, 1273–1286. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12609

Cresci, A., Sandvik, A. D., Sævik, P. N., Ådlandsvik, B., Olascoaga, M. J., Miron, P., Durif, C. M. F., Skiftesvik, A. B., Browman, H. I., & Vikebø, F. (2020). The lunar compass of European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) increases the probability that they recruit to North Sea coasts. Fisheries Oceanography, 30, 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/fog.12521

Durif, C., Arts, M. T., Bertolini, F., Cresci, A., Daverat, F., Egil Karlsbakk, E., Koprivnikar, J., Moland, E., Olsen, E. M., Parzanini, C., Power, M., Rohtla, M., Skiftesvik, A. B., Thorstad, E. B., Vøllestad, L. A., & Browman, H. I. (2023). The evolving story of catadromy in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Ices Journal of Marine Science, 80, 2253–2265. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsad149

Edeline, E. (2007). Adaptive phenotypic plasticity of eel diadromy. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 341, 229–232. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps341229

Eigenmann, C. H. (1902). The Annual Address of the President: The Solution of the Eel Question. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 23, 5–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/3220932

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Righton, D., Westerberg, H., Feunteun, E., Økland, F., Gargan, P., Amilhat, E., Metcalfe, J., Lobon-Cervia, J., Sjöberg, N., Simon, J., Acou, A., Vedor, M., Walker, A., Trancart, T., Brämick, U., & Aarestrup, K. (2016). Empirical observations of the spawning migration of European eels: The long and dangerous road to the Sargasso Sea. Science Advances, 2, e1501694. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501694

Schmidt, J. (1923a). Breeding Places and Migrations of the Eel. Nature, 111, 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/111051a0

Schmidt, J. (1923b). The Breeding Places of the Eel. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 211, 179–208.

Simon, J., Ubl, C., Lewin, W., & Dorow, M. (2023). Infection with swim bladder nematode Anguillicola crassus in relation to European eel growth, age, and habitat along the German Baltic coast. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 155, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03739

Wielgoss, S., Taraschewski, H., Meyer, A., & Wirth, T. (2008). Population structure of the parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus, an invader of declining North Atlantic eel stocks. Molecular Ecology, 17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03855.x

Wright, R. M., Piper, A. T., Aarestrup, K., Azevedo, J. M. N., Cowan, G., Don, A., Gollock, M., Rodriguez Ramallo, S., Velterop, R., Walker, A., Westerberg, H., & Righton, D. (2022). First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea. Scientific Reports, 12, 15362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19248-8

Osmoregulators and Osmoconformers

Bradley, T. J. (2008a). Osmoconformers in Animal Osmoregulation (pp. 59–71). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0005

Bradley, T. J. (2008b). Hyporegulators in Animal Osmoregulation (pp. 72–85). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0006

Bradley, T. J. (2008c). Hyper-regulators: Life in fresh water in Animal Osmoregulation (pp. 86–110). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0007

Divino, J. N., Monette, M. Y., McCormick, S. D., Yancey, P. H., Flannery, K. G., Bell, M. A., Rollins, J. L., von Hippel, F., & Schultz, E. T. (2016). Osmoregulatory physiology and rapid evolution of salinity tolerance in threespine stickleback recently introduced to fresh water. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 17, 179–201.

Edgecombe, G. D., Strullu-Derrien, C., Góral, T., Hetherington, A. J., Thompson, C., & Koch, M. (2020). Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and the terrestrial fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 8966–8972. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920733117

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Fridman, S. (2020). Ontogeny of the Osmoregulatory Capacity of Teleosts and the Role of Ionocytes. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00709

Gausmann, P. (2024). Whoʼs the biggest fish in the pond? The story of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in an Australian golf course lake, with deliberations on this speciesʼ longevity in low salinity habitats. Marine and Fishery Sciences (MAFIS), 37. https://doi.org/10.47193/mafis.3712024010105

Hauton, C. (2016). Effects of salinity as a stressor to aquatic invertebrates. Stressors in the Marine Environment, 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718826.003.0001

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Lee, C. E., Charmantier, G., & Lorin-Nebel, C. (2022). Mechanisms of Na+ uptake from freshwater habitats in animals. Frontiers in Physiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1006113

Little, A. G., Pasparakis, C., Stieglitz, J. D., & Grosell, M. (2023). Metabolic cost of osmoregulation by the gastro-intestinal tract in marine teleost fish. Frontiers in Physiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1163153

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Evolution of Fishes, and Vertebrates

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Biology and Geography of the Marine-Terrestrial Interface

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Pollution and Chemical Contamination

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Cara, B., Lies, T., Thimo, G., Robin, L., & Lieven, B. (2022). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in marine biota from the Belgian North Sea: Distribution and human health risk implications. Environmental Pollution, 311, 119907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119907

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Desforges, J.-P., Hall, A., McConnell, B., Rosing-Asvid, A., Barber, J. L., Brownlow, A., De Guise, S., Eulaers, I., Jepson, P. D., Letcher, R. J., Levin, M., Ross, P. S., Samarra, F., Víkingson, G., Sonne, C., & Dietz, R. (2018). Predicting global killer whale population collapse from PCB pollution. Science, 361, 1373–1376. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1953

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Reid, N. M., Proestou, D. A., Clark, B. W., Warren, W. C., Colbourne, J. K., Shaw, J. R., Karchner, S. I., Hahn, M. E., Nacci, D., Oleksiak, M. F., Crawford, D. L., & Whitehead, A. (2016). The genomic landscape of rapid repeated evolutionary adaptation to toxic pollution in wild fish. Science, 354, 1305–1308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4993

Rigét, F., Bignert, A., Braune, B., Dam, M., Dietz, R., Evans, M., Green, N., Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Hoydal, K. S., Kucklick, J., Letcher, R., Muir, D., Schuur, S., Sonne, C., Stern, G., Tomy, G., Vorkamp, K., & Wilson, S. (2019). Temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants in Arctic marine and freshwater biota. Science of The Total Environment, 649, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.268

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Williams, R. S., Brownlow, A., Baillie, A., Barber, J. L., Barnett, J., Davison, N. J., Deaville, R., ten Doeschate, M., Murphy, S., Penrose, R., Perkins, M., Spiro, S., Williams, R., Jepson, P. D., Curnick, D. J., & Jobling, S. (2023). Spatiotemporal Trends Spanning Three Decades Show Toxic Levels of Chemical Contaminants in Marine Mammals. Environmental Science & Technology, 57, 20736–20749. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01881

Willis, K. A., SerraGonçalves, C., Richardson, K., Schuyler, Q. A., Pedersen, H., Anderson, K., Stark, J. S., Vince, J., Hardesty, B. D., & Wilcox, C. (2022). Cleaner seas: Reducing marine pollution. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 32, 145–160.

Yu, L., Xia, W., & Du, H. (2024). The toxic effects of petroleum pollutants to microalgae in marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 201, 116235.

Bears and Salmon

Campbell, E. Y., Dunham, J. B., Reeves, G. H., & Wondzell, S. M. (2018). Phenology of hatching, emergence, and end-of-season body size in young-of-year coho salmon in thermally contrasting streams draining the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 76, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0003

Carlson, S. M., Hilborn, R., Hendry, A. P., & Quinn, T. P. (2007). Predation by Bears Drives Senescence in Natural Populations of Salmon. PLoS ONE, 2, e1286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001286

Feddern, M. L., Holtgrieve, G. W., Perakis, S. S., Hart, J., Ro, H., & Quinn, T. P. (2019). Riparian soil nitrogen cycling and isotopic enrichment in response to a long‐term salmon carcass manipulation experiment. Ecosphere, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2958

Gende, S. M., Quinn, T. P., Willson, M. F., Heintz, R., & Scott, T. M. (2004). Magnitude and Fate of Salmon-Derived Nutrients and Energy in a Coastal Stream Ecosystem. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 19, 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2004.9664522

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Helfield, J. M., & Naiman, R. J. (2002). Salmon and alder as nitrogen sources to riparian forests in a boreal Alaskan watershed. Oecologia, 133, 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1070-x

Helfield, J. M., & Naiman, R. J. (2006). Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska. Ecosystems, 9, 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5

Hocking, M. D., & Reimchen, T. E. (2002). Salmon-derived nitrogen in terrestrial invertebrates from coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. BMC Ecology, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-2-4

Hocking, M. D., Ring, R. A., & Reimchen, T. E. (2009). The ecology of terrestrial invertebrates on Pacific salmon carcasses. Ecological Research, 24, 1091–1100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-009-0586-5

Lincoln, A. E. (2019). Selective consumption of sockeye salmon by brown bears: Patterns of partial consumption, scavenging, and implications for fisheries management [PhD Thesis].

Ruggerone, G. T., & Irvine, J. R. (2018). Numbers and Biomass of Natural- and Hatchery-Origin Pink Salmon, Chum Salmon, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean, 1925-2015. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 10, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10023

Chapter 3. A Kaleidoscope of Shells – Life on the Sea Shore

Intertidal Life and Adaptiations

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Bouhlel, Z., Genard, B., Ibrahim, N., Carrington, E., Babarro, J. M. F., Lok, A., Flores, A. A. V., Pellerin, C., Tremblay, R., & Marcotte, I. (2017). Interspecies comparison of the mechanical properties and biochemical composition of byssal threads. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220, 984–994. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.141440

Buckeridge, J. S., & Newman, W. A. (2017). The “Tears of the Virgin” at Lakes Entrance, southeast Australia were made by the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus antennatus (Cirripedia: Thoracica) and cyanobacteria. Integrative Zoology, 12, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12244

Bullard, E. M., Torres, I., Ren, T., Graeve, O. A., & Roy, K. (2021). Shell mineralogy of a foundational marine species, Mytilus californianus, over half a century in a changing ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004769118

Burrows, M. T. (2001). Depth selection behaviour during activity cycles of juvenile plaice on a simulated beach slope. Journal of Fish Biology, 59, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02342.x

Chakraborty, A., Parveen, S., Chanda, D. K., & Aditya, G. (2020). An insight into the structure, composition and hardness of a biological material: The shell of freshwater mussels. RSC Advances, 10, 29543–29554. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA04271D

Christensen, H. T., Dolmer, P., Petersen, J. K., & Tørring, D. (2011). Comparative study of predatory responses in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) produced in suspended long line cultures or collected from natural bottom mussel beds. Helgoland Marine Research, 66, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-010-0241-0

Cortie, M. B., McBean, K. E., & Elcombe, M. M. (2006). Fracture mechanics of mollusc shells. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 385–386, 545–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.05.356

Côté, I. M., & Jelnikar, E. (1999). Predator-induced clumping behaviour in mussels (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 235, 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(98)00155-5

Crane, R. L., & Denny, M. W. (2020). Mechanical fatigue fractures bivalve shells. Journal of Experimental Biology, 223, jeb220277. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.220277

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Zhang, C., Chen, J., Yang, R., Luo, Q., Wang, T., Zhang, P., & Chen, H. (2022). Abscisic acid activates desiccation tolerance responses in intertidal seaweed Neoporphyra haitanensis. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1007193

Hermit Crabs

Bracken-Grissom, H. D., Cannon, M. E., Cabezas, P., Feldmann, R. M., Schweitzer, C. E., Ahyong, S. T., Felder, D. L., Lemaitre, R., & Crandall, K. A. (2013). A comprehensive and integrative reconstruction of evolutionary history for Anomura (Crustacea: Decapoda). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-128

Briffa, M., & Elwood, R. W. (2001). Decision rules, energy metabolism and vigour of hermit–crab fights. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 268, 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1752

Briffa, M., & Elwood, R. W. (2002). Power of shell–rapping signals influences physiological costs and subsequent decisions during hermit crab fights. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 269, 2331–2336. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2158

Briffa, M., Elwood, R. W., & Dick, J. T. A. (1998). Analysis of repeated signals during shell fights in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265, 1467–1474. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0459

Briffa, M., & Twyman, C. (2010). Do I stand out or blend in? Conspicuousness awareness and consistent behavioural differences in hermit crabs. Biology Letters, 7, 330–332. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0761

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Elwood, R. W. (2022). Hermit crabs, shells, and sentience. Animal Cognition, 25, 1241–1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01607-7

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Fraaije, R. H. B., van Bakel, B. W. M., Jagt, J. W. M., Charbonnier, S., Schweigert, G., Garcia, G., & Valentin, X. (2022). The evolution of hermit crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) on the basis of carapace morphology: A state-of-the-art-report. Geodiversitas, 44. https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a1

Laidre, M. E. (2019). Private parts for private property: Evolution of penis size with more valuable, easily stolen shells. Royal Society Open Science, 6, 181760–181760. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181760

Rimmer, J. E. V., Todd, C. D., & Shuker, D. M. (2021). Context-dependent use of visual cues in the shell selection behaviour of the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. Behavioural Processes, 188, 104414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104414

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The Ecology of the Seashore

Aldred, N., Høeg, J. T., Maruzzo, D., & Clare, A. S. (2013). Analysis of the Behaviours Mediating Barnacle Cyprid Reversible Adhesion. PLoS ONE, 8, e68085. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068085

Amir, N. H. H., Talib, A., Ahmad, O., & Yahya, K. (2013). The distribution and zonation of barnacles around intertidal shores of Penang Island. Proceedings of The Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University – Life Sciences & Engineering Chapter, 3.

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Connell, J. H. (1972). Community Interactions on Marine Rocky Intertidal Shores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 3, 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.03.110172.001125

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Underwood, A. J. (1978). A refutation of critical tidal levels as determinants of the structure of intertidal communities on British shores. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 33, 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(78)90013-8

Underwood, A. J. (1981). Structure of a rocky intertidal community in New South Wales: Patterns of vertical distribution and seasonal changes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 51, 57–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(81)90154-4

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Horseshoe Crabs

Brockmann, H. J., Nguyen, C., & Potts, W. (2000). Paternity in horseshoe crabs when spawning in multiple-male groups. Animal Behaviour, 60, 837–849. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1547

Carmichael, R. H., Botton, M. L., Shin, P. K. S., & Cheung, S. G. (Eds.). (2015). Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology, Conservation and Management. Springer.

Owings, M., Chabot, C., & Watson III, W. (2020). Effects of the biomedical bleeding process on the behavior and hemocyanin levels of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). Fishery Bulletin, 118, 225–239. https://doi.org/10.7755/fb.118.3.2

Smith, M. D., Schrank, H. E., & Brockmann, H. J. (2013). Measuring the costs of alternative reproductive tactics in horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. Animal Behaviour, 85, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.10.021

Tablin, F., & Levin, J. (1988). The Fine Structure of the Amebocyte in the Blood of Limulus polyphemus. II. The Amebocyte Cytoskeleton: A Morphological Analysis of Native, Activated, and Endotoxin-Stimulated Amebocytes. The Biological Bulletin, 175, 417–429. https://doi.org/10.2307/1541734

Tinker-Kulberg, R., Dellinger, K., Brady, T. E., Robertson, L., Levy, J. H., Abood, S. K., LaDuca, F. M., Kepley, C. L., & Dellinger, A. L. (2020). Horseshoe Crab Aquaculture as a Sustainable Endotoxin Testing Source. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00153

Soldier Crabs

Cameron, A. M. (1966). Some Aspects of the Behaviour of the Soldier Crab, Mictyris longicarpus. Pacific Science, 20, 224–234.

Huelsken, T. (2011). First evidence of drilling predation by Conuber sordidus (Swainson, 1821) (Gastropoda: Naticidae) on soldier crabs (Crustacea: Mictyridae). Molluscan Research, 31. https://doi.org/10.11646/mr.31.2.7

Kelemec, J. (1979). Effect of Temperature on the Emergence from Burrows of the Soldier Crab, Mictyris longicarpus (Latreille). Marine and Freshwater Research, 30, 463. https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9790463

Murakami, H., Tomaru, T., Niizato, T., Nishiyama, Y., Sonoda, K., Moriyama, T., & Gunji, Y.-P. (2015). Collective behavior of soldier crab swarm in both ring- and round-shaped arenas. Artificial Life and Robotics, 20, 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-015-0232-y

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Mangroves and Seagrasses and the Life Within

Adame, M. F., Cormier, N., Taillardat, P., Iram, N., Rovai, A., Sloey, T. M., Yando, E. S., Blanco‐Libreros, J. F., Arnaud, M., Jennerjahn, T., Lovelock, C. E., Friess, D., Reithmaier, G. M. S., Buelow, C. A., Muhammad‐Nor, S. M., Twilley, R. R., & Ribeiro, R. A. (2024). Deconstructing the mangrove carbon cycle: Gains, transformation, and losses. Ecosphere, 15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4806

Bitossessi, C., Bonou, A., Salako, K. V., Gbedomon, R. C., & Glèlè, L. (2023). Economic Valuation of Mangroves and a Linear Mixed Model-Assisted Framework for Identifying Its Main Drivers: A Case Study in Benin. Land, 12, 1094–1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051094

Duarte, C. M. (2017). Reviews and syntheses: Hidden forests, the role of vegetated coastal habitats in the ocean carbon budget. Biogeosciences, 14, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-301-2017

Edgeloe, J. M., Severn-Ellis, A. A., Bayer, P. E., Mehravi, S., Breed, M. F., Krauss, S. L., Batley, J., Kendrick, G. A., & Sinclair, E. A. (2022). Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0538

Fourqurean, J. W., Duarte, C. M., Kennedy, H., Marbà, N., Holmer, M., Mateo, M. A., Apostolaki, E. T., Kendrick, G. A., Krause-Jensen, D., McGlathery, K. J., & Serrano, O. (2012). Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nature Geoscience, 5, 505–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477

Global Mangrove Watch. (2025). Globalmangrovewatch.org. http://www.globalmangrovewatch.org

Jia, M., Wang, Z., Mao, D., Ren, C., Song, K., Zhao, C., Wang, C., Xiao, X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Mapping global distribution of mangrove forests at 10-m resolution. Science Bulletin, 68, 1306–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.05.004

Johannessen, S. C. (2022). How can blue carbon burial in seagrass meadows increase long-term, net sequestration of carbon? A critical review. Environmental Research Letters, 17, 093004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ab4

Kathiresan, K., & Rajendran, N. (2005). Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65, 601–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.022

Lin, C.-Y., Fu, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Liu, Y., Wu, W.-Y., Wang, L., Lin, X., & Fu, X. (2022). Assessing the changes of the monetary value of mangrove ecosystem services in China and its application. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1018801

Mangroves for climate and biodiversity—Join the Global Mangrove Alliance. (2024, July). The Mangrove Alliance. http://www.mangrovealliance.org

Michel, K. B., Heiss, E., Aerts, P., & Van Wassenbergh, S. (2015). A fish that uses its hydrodynamic tongue to feed on land. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282, 20150057. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0057

Quang Bao, T. (2011). Effect of mangrove forest structures on wave attenuation in coastal Vietnam. Oceanologia, 53, 807–818. https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.53-3.807

Short, F., Carruthers, T., Dennison, W., & Waycott, M. (2007). Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350, 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.012

Takita, T., Larson, H. K., & Ishimatsu, A. (2011). The natural history of mudskippers in northern Australia, with field identification characters. The Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 27, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.287482

The World Bank (2022). The Economics of Large-scale Mangrove Conservation and Restoration in Indonesia.

Unsworth, R. K. F., Bertelli, C. M., Coals, L., Cullen-Unsworth, L. C., den Haan, S., Jones, B. L. H., Rees, S. R., Thomsen, E., Wookey, A., & Walter, B. (2023). Bottlenecks to seed-based seagrass restoration reveal opportunities for improvement. Global Ecology and Conservation, 48, e02736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02736

van Tussenbroek, B. I., Villamil, N., Márquez-Guzmán, J., Wong, R., Monroy-Velázquez, L. V., & Solis-Weiss, V. (2016a). Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna. Nature Communications, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12980

Aquaculture

Bolstad, G. H., Karlsson, S., Hagen, I. J., Fiske, P., Urdal, K., Sægrov, H., Florø-Larsen, B., Sollien, V. P., Østborg, G., Diserud, O. H., Jensen, A. J., & Hindar, K. (2021). Introgression from farmed escapees affects the full life cycle of wild Atlantic salmon. Science Advances, 7. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj3397

FAO. (2024). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en

Fisheries, D. of, & Canada, O. (2023). Association between sea lice from Atlantic Salmon farms and sea lice infestations on wild juvenile Pacific Salmon in British Columbia. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Resp. 2022/045.

Good, C., & Davidson, J. (2016). A Review of Factors Influencing Maturation of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, with Focus on Water Recirculation Aquaculture System Environments. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 47, 605–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12342

Hansen, L. P. (2006). Migration and survival of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) released from two Norwegian fish farms. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63, 1211–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.04.022

Khurshid Wani, A., Akhtar, N., ul Gani Mir, T., Rahayu, F., Suhara, C., Anjli, A., Chopra, C., Singh, R., Prakash, A., El Messaoudi, N., Fernandes, C. D., Romanholo, F., Rather, R. A., & Heloisa, J. (2023). Eco-friendly and safe alternatives for the valorization of shrimp farming waste. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 38960–38989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27819-z

Lunda, R., Roy, K., Másílko, J., & Mráz, J. (2019). Understanding nutrient throughput of operational RAS farm effluents to support semi-commercial aquaponics: Easy upgrade possible beyond controversies. Journal of Environmental Management, 245, 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.130

Macusi, E. D., Estor, D. E. P., Borazon, E. Q., Clapano, M. B., & Santos, M. D. (2022). Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Shrimp Farming in the Philippines: A Critical Analysis Using PRISMA. Sustainability, 14, 2977. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052977

Marty, G. D., Saksida, S. M., & Quinn, T. J. (2010). Relationship of farm salmon, sea lice, and wild salmon populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 22599–22604. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009573108

Naylor, R. L., Hardy, R. W., Bureau, D. P., Chiu, A., Elliott, M., Farrell, A. P., Forster, I., Gatlin, D. M., Goldburg, R. J., Hua, K., & Nichols, P. D. (2009). Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 15103–15110. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905235106

Nes, S. van, Kjartan, A., & Simon. (2024). Salmon lice biology, environmental factors, and smolt behaviour with implications for the Norwegian salmon farming management system: A critical review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 17, e12953. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12953

Pandey, R., Asche, F., Misund, B., Nygaard, R., Adewumi, O. M., Straume, H.-M., & Zhang, D. (2023). Production growth, company size, and concentration: The case of salmon. Aquaculture, 577, 739972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739972

Roberts, S., Jacquet, J., Majluf, P., & Hayek, M. N. (2024). Feeding global aquaculture. Science Advances, 10. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn9698

Sharma, L., Nagpal, R., Jackson, C. R., Patel, D., & Singh, P. (2021). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and gut microbiome communities associated with wild-caught shrimp from the United States versus imported farm-raised retail shrimp. Scientific Reports, 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82823-y

Thornber, K., Verner‐Jeffreys, D., Hinchliffe, S., Rahman, M. M., Bass, D., & Tyler, C. R. (2019). Evaluating antimicrobial resistance in the global shrimp industry. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12, 966–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12367

Torrissen, O., Jones, S., Asche, F., Guttormsen, A., Skilbrei, O. T., Nilsen, F., Horsberg, T. E., & Jackson, D. (2013). Salmon lice—Impact on wild salmonids and salmon aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 36, 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12061

Chapter 4. Where Shadows Drift – Life in Temperate Seas

Cephalopods

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Fisheries

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Briley, J. (2023, February). A Global Deal to End Harmful Fisheries Subsidies. The Pew Charitable Trusts. https://www.pew.org/en/trust/archive/winter-2023/a-global-deal-to-end-harmful-fisheries-subsidies

Edgar, G. J., Bates, A. E., Krueck, N. C., Baker, S. C., Stuart-Smith, R. D., & Brown, C. J. (2024). Stock assessment models overstate sustainability of the world’s fisheries. Science, 385, 860–865. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl6282

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Lobsters

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Spatz, D. R., Young, L. C., Holmes, N. D., Jones, H. P., VanderWerf, E. A., Lyons, D. E., Kress, S., Miskelly, C. M., & Taylor, G. A. (2023). Tracking the global application of conservation translocation and social attraction to reverse seabird declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214574120

Thorne, L., Clay, T., Phillips, R., Silvers, L., & Wakefield, E. (2023). Effects of wind on the movement, behavior, energetics, and life history of seabirds. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 723, 73–117. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14417

Tinbergen, N. (1953). The Herring Gull’s World. Collins.

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Wakefield, E. D., Bodey, T. W., Bearhop, S., Blackburn, J., Colhoun, K., Davies, R., Dwyer, R. G., Green, J. A., Grémillet, D., Jackson, A. L., Jessopp, M. J., Kane, A., Langston, R. H. W., Lescroël, A., Murray, S., Le Nuz, M., Patrick, S. C., Péron, C., Soanes, L. M., … Hamer, K. C. (2013). Space Partitioning Without Territoriality in Gannets. Science, 341, 68–70. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1236077

Wakefield, E. D., Furness, R. W., Lane, J. V., Jana, & Pinder, S. J. (2019). Immature gannets follow adults in commuting flocks providing a potential mechanism for social learning. Journal of Avian Biology, 50. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02164

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Wiley, A. A., Ostrom, P. H., Welch, A. J., Fleischer, R. C., Gandhi, H., Southon, J., Stafford, T. W., Penniman, J. F., Hu, D., Duvall, F., & James, H. F. (2013). Millennial-scale isotope records from a wide-ranging predator show evidence of recent human impact to oceanic food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 8972–8977. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300213110

Seaweeds

Arranz, V., Liggins, L., & Aguirre, J. D. (2021). Metabarcoding hyperdiverse kelp holdfast communities on temperate reefs: An experimental approach to inform future studies. Environmental DNA, 4, 492–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.265

Barrett, S. (2005). The North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty and the Theory of International Cooperation (pp. 19–48). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199286094.003.0002

Berg, M. (2019). Sea Otters and Iron: A Global Microhistory of Value and Exchange at Nootka Sound, 1774–1792. Past & Present, 242, 50–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz038

Bodkin, J. L., Estes, J., & Tim, T. M. (2022). History of prior sea otter translocations (M. T. Tinker, J. A. Estes, J. L. Bodkin, S. Larson, M. J. Murray, & J. Hodder, Eds.). Elakha Alliance.

Bringloe, T. T., Starko, S., Wade, R. M., Vieira, C., Kawai, H., De Clerck, O., Cock, J. M., Coelho, S. M., Destombe, C., Valero, M., Neiva, J., Pearson, G. A., Faugeron, S., Serrão, E. A., & Verbruggen, H. (2020). Phylogeny and Evolution of the Brown Algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 39, 281–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2020.1787679

Buck-Wiese, H., Andskog, M. A., Nguyen, N. P., Bligh, M., Asmala, E., Vidal-Melgosa, S., Liebeke, M., Gustafsson, C., & Hehemann, J.-H. (2022). Fucoid brown algae inject fucoidan carbon into the ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2210561119

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Dolinar, D., & Edwards, M. (2021). The metabolic depression and revival of purple urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) in response to macroalgal availability. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 545, 151646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151646

Eger, A. M., Marzinelli, E. M., Beas-Luna, R., Blain, C. O., Blamey, L. K., Byrnes, J. E. K., Carnell, P. E., Choi, C. G., Hessing-Lewis, M., Kim, K. Y., Kumagai, N. H., Lorda, J., Moore, P., Nakamura, Y., Pérez-Matus, A., Pontier, O., Smale, D., Steinberg, P. D., & Vergés, A. (2023). The value of ecosystem services in global marine kelp forests. Nature Communications, 14, 1894. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37385-0

Emeline, C. B., Ludovic, D., Laurent, V., Catherine, L., Kruse, I., Erwan, A. G., Florian, W., & Philippe, P. (2021). Induction of Phlorotannins and Gene Expression in the Brown Macroalga Fucus vesiculosus in Response to the Herbivore Littorina littorea. Marine Drugs, 19, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19040185

Erlandson, J. M., Graham, M. H., Bourque, B. J., Corbett, D., Estes, J. A., & Steneck, R. S. (2007). The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 2, 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564890701628612

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Filbee-Dexter, K., & Scheibling, R. (2014). Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 495, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10573

Galloway, A. W. E., Gravem, S. A., Kobelt, J. N., Heady, W. N., Okamoto, D. K., Sivitilli, D. M., Saccomanno, V. R., Hodin, J., & Whippo, R. (2023). Sunflower sea star predation on urchins can facilitate kelp forest recovery. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.1897

Giráldéz, A., & Richard, A. M. (2023). “Soft Gold” Before the Gold Rush: Sea Otter Pelts in the “Competitive Expansion” of Merchant Capitalism and the Creation of a Pacific Ocean Economy. Historia Critica, 89, 183–207. https://doi.org/10.7440/histcrit89.2023.07

González-Duarte, M. M., Megina, C., & Subida, M. D. (2020). Anti-herbivory protection by mutualism in marine ecosystems: The case of kelps and hydroids. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 235, 106578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106578

Hepburn, C., & Hurd, C. (2005). Conditional mutualism between the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and colonial epifauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 302, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps302037

Hultgren, K. M., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2007). Alternative camouflage strategies mediate predation risk among closely related co-occurring kelp crabs. Oecologia, 155, 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0926-5

Janssen, A. R., Bishop, M. J., Mayer-Pinto, M., & Dafforn, K. A. (2024). Morpho-physiological traits and tissue burdens of Ecklonia radiata linked to environmental variation in an urban estuary. Marine Environmental Research, 199, 106572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106572

Johnson, A., & Koehl, M. (1994). Maintenance of dynamic strain similarity and environmental stress factor in different flow habitats: Thallus allometry and material properties of a giant kelp. Journal of Experimental Biology, 195, 381–410. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.195.1.381

Koehl, M. A. R., & Daniel, T. L. (2022). Hydrodynamic Interactions Between Macroalgae and Their Epibionts. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.872960

Kuhn, R. A., Ansorge, H., Godynicki, S., & Meyer, W. (2010). Hair density in the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra and the Sea otter Enhydra lutris. Acta Theriologica, 55, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.4098/j.at.0001-7051.014.2009

Manca, F., Mulà, C., Gustafsson, C., Mauri, A., Roslin, T., Thomas, D. N., Benedetti‐Cecchi, L., Norkko, A., & Strona, G. (2022). Unveiling the complexity and ecological function of aquatic macrophyte–animal networks in coastal ecosystems. Biological Reviews/Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 97, 1306–1324. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12842

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Miller, R. J., Lafferty, K. D., Lamy, T., Kui, L., Rassweiler, A., & Reed, D. C. (2018). Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, increases faunal diversity through physical engineering. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2571

Nicholson, T. E., McClenachan, L., Tanaka, K. R., & Van, K. S. (2023). Sea otter recovery buffers century-scale declines in California kelp forests. PLOS Climate, 3, e0000. https://doi.org/10.32942/x2b30r

Olafsson, E. (Ed.). (2016). Marine Macrophytes as Foundation Species. CRC Press.

Preston, C. J. (2023). Tenacious Beasts. MIT Press.

Programme, U. N. E. (2023). Into the Blue: Securing a Sustainable Future for Kelp Forests. Nairobi. United Nations.

Schiel, D. R., & Foster, M. S. (2015). The biology and ecology of giant kelp forests. University Of California Press.

Selgrath, J. C., Carlton, J. T., Pearse, J., Thomas, T., & Micheli, F. (2024). Setting deeper baselines: Kelp forest dynamics in California over multiple centuries. Regional Environmental Change, 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02260-1

Skalkos, Z. M. G., Van Dyke, J. U., & Whittington, C. M. (2020). Paternal nutrient provisioning during male pregnancy in the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 190, 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-020-01289-y

Smith, J. G., Tomoleoni, J., Staedler, M., Lyon, S., Fujii, J., & Tinker, M. T. (2021). Behavioral responses across a mosaic of ecosystem states restructure a sea otter–urchin trophic cascade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, e2012493118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012493118

Spindel, N. B., Lee, L. C., & Okamoto, D. K. (2021). Metabolic depression in sea urchin barrens associated with food deprivation. Ecology, 102. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3463

Tatsumi, M., & Wright, J. (2016). Understory algae and low light reduce recruitment of the habitat-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 552, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11743

Teagle, H., Hawkins, S. J., Moore, P. J., & Smale, D. A. (2017). The role of kelp species as biogenic habitat formers in coastal marine ecosystems. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 492, 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.017

Vahl, O. (1983). Mucus drifting in the limpet Helcion (= Patina) pellucidus (Prosobranchia, Patellidae). Sarsia, 68, 209–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1983.10420573

Wernberg, T., Coleman, M. A., Babcock, R. C., Bell, S. Y., Bolton, J. J., Connell, S. D., Hurd, C. L., Johnson, C. R., Marzinelli, E. M., & Shears, N. T. (2019). Biology and ecology of the globally significant kelp Ecklonia radiata. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 57, 265–324. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429026379

Wernberg, T., Krumhansl, K., FilbeeDexter, K., Pedersen, M. F., & Sheppard, C. (2019). Chapter 3 Status and Trends for the World’s Kelp Forests (pp. 57–78). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B9780128050521.000036

Sharks

Aidan, M. R. (2007). A review of shark agonistic displays: Comparison of display features and implications for shark–human interactions. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 40, 3–34.

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Chapman, B. K., & McPhee, D. (2016). Global shark attack hotspots: Identifying underlying factors behind increased unprovoked shark bite incidence. Ocean & Coastal Management, 133, 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.09.010

Division, F. R. (2012). A Correlation Study of the Potential Risk Factors Associated with White Shark Attacks in Western Australian Waters. Department of Fisheries.

McPhee, D. P., Blount, C., Lincoln, M. P., & Peddemors, V. M. (2021). A comparison of alternative systems to catch and kill for mitigating unprovoked shark bite on bathers or surfers at ocean beaches. Ocean & Coastal Management, 201, 105492.

Pepin-Neff, C., & Wynter, T. (2017). Shark Bites and Shark Conservation: An Analysis of Human Attitudes Following Shark Bite Incidents in Two Locations in Australia. Conservation Letters, 11, e12407. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12407

Sharma, N., Saqib, M., ScullyPower, P., & Blumenstein, M. (2021). SharkSpotter: Shark detection with drones for human safety and environmental protection (pp. 223–237). Springer.

Smoothey, A. F., Lee, K. A., & Peddemors, V. M. (2019). Longterm patterns of abundance, residency and movements of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in Sydney Harbour, Australia. Scientific Reports, 9, 18864. https://doi.org/10.1038/s4159801954365x

Chapter 5: Cold Hearts of the Sea – Marine Life in Polar Regions

Adaptations

Arce, F., Hindell, M. A., McMahon, C. R., Wotherspoon, S. J., Guinet, C., Harcourt, R. G., & Bestley, S. (2022). Elephant seal foraging success is enhanced in Antarctic coastal polynyas. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2452

Arrigo, K. R. (2003). Phytoplankton dynamics within 37 Antarctic coastal polynya systems. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jc001739

Bar Dolev, M., Braslavsky, I., & Davies, P. L. (2016). Ice-Binding Proteins and Their Function. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 85, 515–542. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014546

Bargelloni, L., Marcato, S., & Patarnello, T. (1998). Antarctic fish hemoglobins: Evidence for adaptive evolution at subzero temperature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, 8670–8675. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.15.8670

Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 6506–6511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115

Berthelot, C., Clarke, J., Desvignes, T., William Detrich, H., Flicek, P., Peck, L. S., Peters, M., Postlethwait, J. H., & Clark, M. S. (2018). Adaptation of Proteins to the Cold in Antarctic Fish: A Role for Methionine? Genome Biology and Evolution, 11, 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evy262

Bodnár, A. (2009). Marine invertebrates as models for aging research. Experimental Gerontology, 44, 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2009.05.001

Cavan, E., Grilly, E., Reid, K., & Mackay, N. (2022). Antarctic Krill: Powerhouse of the Southern Ocean (2022). WWF-Australia. https://wwfwhales.org/resources/wwf-report-antarctic-krill-powerhouse-of-the-southern-ocean

Cavan, E. L., Belcher, A., Atkinson, A., Hill, S. L., Kawaguchi, S., McCormack, S., Meyer, B., Nicol, S., Ratnarajah, L., Schmidt, K., Steinberg, D. K., Tarling, G. A., & Boyd, P. W. (2019). The importance of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles. Nature Communications, 10, 1–13.

Cavan, E. L., Mackay, N., Hill, S. L., Atkinson, A., Belcher, A., & Visser, A. (2024). Antarctic krill sequester similar amounts of carbon to key coastal blue carbon habitats. Nature Communications, 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52135-6

Chi, H., Li, X., Yang, X., & China, E. (2013). Processing Status and Utilization Strategies of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) in China. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 5, 275–281. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2013.05.03.71138

Clarke, A. (1980). A reappraisal of the concept of metabolic cold adaptation in polar marine invertebrates. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 14, 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00099.x

Clarke, A., & Fraser, K. P. P. (2004). Why Does Metabolism Scale with temperature? Functional Ecology, 18, 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00841.x

Durban, J. W., & Pitman, R. L. (2011). Antarctic killer whales make rapid, round-trip movements to subtropical waters: Evidence for physiological maintenance migrations? Biology Letters, 8, 274–277. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0875

Eskandari, A., Leow, T. C., Rahman, M. B. A., & Oslan, S. N. (2020). Antifreeze Proteins and Their Practical Utilization in Industry, Medicine, and Agriculture. Biomolecules, 10, 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121649

Foulkes, T., & Wood, J. (2007). Mechanisms of Cold Pain. Channels, 1, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.4161/chan.4692

Gilbertson, R., Langan, E., & Mock, T. (2022). Diatoms and Their Microbiomes in Complex and Changing Polar Oceans. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.786764

Hamner, W. M. (1988). Biomechanics of Filter Feeding in the Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba: Review of past Work and New Observations. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/1548308

Han, P., Zhang, H., & Bruheim, I. A. (2024). A Framework for Smart Manufacturing of Antarctic Krill Protein. 2022 IEEE 17th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/iciea61579.2024.10665234

Iverson, S. J. (2018). Blubber (B. Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen, & K. M. Kovacs, Eds.). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00069-8

Johnston, I. A. (1990). Cold adaptation in marine organisms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 326, 655–667. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1990.0037

Kawaguchi, S., Atkinson, A., Bahlburg, D., Bernard, K. S., Cavan, E. L., Cox, M. J., Hill, S. L., Meyer, B., & Veytia, D. (2023). Climate change impacts on Antarctic krill behaviour and population dynamics. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 5, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00504-y

Keane, M., Semeiks, J., Webb, A. E., Li, Y. I., Quesada, V., Craig, T., Madsen, L. B., van Dam, S., Brawand, D., Marques, P. I., Michalak, P., Kang, L., Bhak, J., Yim, H.-S., Grishin, N. V., Nielsen, N. H., Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Oziolor, E. M., Matson, C. W., … de Magalhães, J. P. (2015). Insights into the Evolution of Longevity from the Bowhead Whale Genome. Cell Reports, 10, 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.008

Krüger, L., Huerta, M. F., Santa Cruz, F., & Cárdenas, C. A. (2020). Antarctic krill fishery effects over penguin populations under adverse climate conditions: Implications for the management of fishing practices. Ambio, 50, 560–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01386-w

Kunze, E. (2006). Observations of Biologically Generated Turbulence in a Coastal Inlet. Science, 313, 1768–1770. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1129378

Labrousse, S., Orgeret, F., Solow, A., Barbraud, C., Bost, C., Sallée, J., Weimerskirch, H., & Jenouvrier, S. (2019). First odyssey beneath the sea ice of juvenile emperor penguins in East Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 609, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12831

Liggett, D., Storey, B., Cook, Y., & Meduna, V. (Eds.). (2015). Exploring the Last Continent: An Introduction to Antarctica. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18947-5

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Meyer, B., Atkinson, A., Bernard, K. S., Brierley, A. S., Driscoll, R., Hill, S. L., Marschoff, E., Maschette, D., Perry, F. A., Reiss, C. S., Rombolá, E., Tarling, G. A., Thorpe, S. E., Trathan, P. N., Zhu, G., & Kawaguchi, S. (2020). Successful ecosystem-based management of Antarctic krill should address uncertainties in krill recruitment, behaviour and ecological adaptation. Communications Earth & Environment, 1, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00026-1

Modest, M., Irvine, L., Andrews-Goff, V., Gough, W., Johnston, D., Nowacek, D., Pallin, L., Read, A., Moore, R. T., & Friedlaender, A. (2021). First description of migratory behavior of humpback whales from an Antarctic feeding ground to a tropical calving ground. Animal Biotelemetry, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-021-00266-8

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Peck, L. S. (2018). Antarctic Marine Biodiversity: Adaptations, Environments and Responses to Change. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 56, 105–236. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429454455-3

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Seebacher, F., Davison, W., Lowe, C. J., & Franklin, C. E. (2005). A falsification of the thermal specialization paradigm: Compensation for elevated temperatures in Antarctic fishes. Biology Letters, 1, 151–154. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0280

Smith, R. N. (1972). The freezing resistance of Antarctic fish. 2. The freezing points of body fluids. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, 29, 91–102.

Souster, T. A., Morley, S. A., & Peck, L. S. (2018). Seasonality of oxygen consumption in five common Antarctic benthic marine invertebrates. Polar Biology, 41, 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2251-3

Stonehouse, B. (1953, January). The Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri, Gray): I. Breeding behaviour and development.

Swadling, K. M. (2006). Krill Migration: Up and Down All Night. Current Biology, 16, R173–R175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.044

Takahashi, A., Ito, M., Nagai, K., Thiebot, J., Mitamura, H., Noda, T., Trathan, P., Tamura, T., & Watanabe, Y. (2018). Migratory movements and winter diving activity of Adélie penguins in East Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 589, 227–239. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12438

Thiemann, G. W., Iverson, S. J., & Stirling, I. (2008). Variation in blubber fatty acid composition among marine mammals in the Canadian Arctic. Marine Mammal Science, 24, 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00165.x

Trathan, P. N., Warwick-Evans, V., Young, E. F., Friedlaender, A., Kim, J. H., & Kokubun, N. (2022). The ecosystem approach to management of the Antarctic krill fishery—The ‘devils are in the detail’ at small spatial and temporal scales. Journal of Marine Systems, 225, 103598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2021.103598

Watters, G. M., Hinke, J. T., & Reiss, C. S. (2020). Long-term observations from Antarctica demonstrate that mismatched scales of fisheries management and predator-prey interaction lead to erroneous conclusions about precaution. Scientific Reports, 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59223-9

Williams, C. L., Hagelin, J. C., & Kooyman, G. L. (2015). Hidden keys to survival: The type, density, pattern and functional role of emperor penguin body feathers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282, 20152033. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2033

Williams, W. J., Carmack, E. C., Ingram, R. G., Smith, W. O., & Barber, D. G. (2007). Chapter 2 Physical Oceanography of Polynyas (Vol. 74, pp. 55–85). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S04229894(06)740028

Willis, J. (2014). Whales maintained a high abundance of krill; both are ecosystem engineers in the Southern Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 513, 51–69. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10922

Zheng, Y., Ping, Z., Xu, Y., Li, X., & Guo, Q. (2022). Changes in the autolysis level, muscle stability and myofibrillar protein properties of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) during refrigerated storage. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 57, 7829–7839. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16133

Belugas

Aubin, D. J. St., Smith, T. G., & Geraci, J. R. (1990). Seasonal epidermal molt in beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-051

Bennett, A. G. (1920). On the occurrence of diatoms on the skin of whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 91, 352–357. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1920.0021

Freeman, M. M. R. (1973). Polar Bear Predation on Beluga in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 26. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic2911

Frost, K. J., Lowry, L. F., & Carroll, G. (1993). Beluga Whale and Spotted Seal Use of a Coastal Lagoon System in the Northeastern Chukchi Sea. ARCTIC, 46. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1316

Kovacs, K. M., Lydersen, C., Overland, J. E., & Moore, S. E. (2010). Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals. Marine Biodiversity, 41, 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-010-0061-0

Murayama, T., Iijima, S., Katsumata, H., & Arai, K. (2014). Vocal Imitation of Human Speech, Synthetic Sounds and Beluga Sounds, by aBeluga (Delphinapterus leucas). International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 27. https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2014.27.03.10

O’Corry-Crowe, G., Suydam, R., Quakenbush, L., Smith, T. G., Lydersen, C., Kovacs, K. M., Orr, J., Harwood, L., Litovka, D., & Ferrer, T. (2020). Group structure and kinship in beluga whale societies. Scientific Reports, 10, 11462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67314-w

Pitman, R. L., Durban, J. W., Joyce, T., Fearnbach, H., Panigada, S., & Lauriano, G. (2020). Skin in the game: Epidermal molt as a driver of long‐distance migration in whales. Marine Mammal Science, 36, 565–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12661

Shelden, K. E. W., Rugh, D. J., Mahoney, BarbaraA., & Dahlheim, M. E. (2003). Killer whale predation on belugas in Cook Inlet, Alaska: Implications for a depleted population. Marine Mammal Science, 19, 529–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01319.x

Smith, T. G., St. Aubin, D. J., & Hammill, M. O. (1992). Rubbing behaviour of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in a high Arctic estuary. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 2405–2409. https://doi.org/10.1139/z92-322

Westdal, K. H., Davies, J., McPherson, A., Orr, J., & Ferguson, S. H. (2017). Behavioural Changes in Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) During a Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Attack in Southwest Hudson Bay. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 130, 315. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1925

Würsig, B. (Ed.). (2019). Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Odontocetes. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16663-2

Cold Hearts

Adachi, T., Takahashi, A., Costa, D. P., Robinson, P. W., Hückstädt, L. A., Peterson, S. H., Holser, R. R., Beltran, R. S., Keates, T. R., & Naito, Y. (2021). Forced into an ecological corner: Round-the-clock deep foraging on small prey by elephant seals. Science Advances, 7. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3628

Bowers, M. T., Friedlaender, A. S., Janik, V. M., Nowacek, D. P., Quick, N. J., Southall, B. L., & Read, A. J. (2018). Selective reactions to different killer whale call categories in two delphinid species. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.162479

Calderwood, C., & Ulmer, F. A. (2023). The Central Arctic Ocean fisheries moratorium: A rare example of the precautionary principle in fisheries management. Polar Record, 59, e1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247422000389

Campagna, C., & Harcourt, R. (2021). Ethology and behavioral ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid. Springer.

Costa, D. P., & McHuron, E. A. (Eds.). (2022). Ethology And Behavioral Ecology Of Phocids. Springer.

Czerski, H. (2023). The Blue Machine: How the Ocean Works. W. W. Norton & Company.

Desbruyères, D., Chafik, L., & Maze, G. (2021). A shift in the ocean circulation has warmed the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since 2016. Communications Earth & Environment, 2, 48.

Kelley, D. E., Vlasic, J. P., & Brillant, S. W. (2020). Assessing the lethality of ship strikes on whales using simple biophysical models. Marine Mammal Science, 37, 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12745

Notarbartolo, G., & Würsig, B. (2022). Marine Mammals: The Evolving Human Factor. Springer Nature.

Osiecka, A. N., Briefer, E. F., Kidawa, D., & Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K. (2023). Seabird’s cry: Repertoire and vocal expression of contextual valence in the little auk (Alle alle). Scientific Reports, 13, 8623. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35857-3

Storer, B. A., Buzzicotti, M., Khatri, H., Griffies, S. M., & Aluie, H. (2022). Global energy spectrum of the general oceanic circulation. Nature Communications, 13, 5314.

Vogl, A. W., Petersen, H., Gil, K. N., Cieri, R. L., & Shadwick, R. E. (2024). The Soft Palate Enables Extreme Feeding and Explosive Breathing in the Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Integrative Organismal Biology, 6. https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae026

Weimerskirch, H., Collet, J., Corbeau, A., Pajot, A., Hoarau, F., Marteau, C., Filippi, D., & Patrick, S. C. (2020). Ocean sentinel albatrosses locate illegal vessels and provide the first estimate of the extent of nondeclared fishing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 3006–3014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915499117

Weimerskirch, H., Filippi, D. P., Collet, J., Waugh, S. M., & Patrick, S. C. (2017). Use of radar detectors to track attendance of albatrosses at fishing vessels. Conservation Biology, 32, 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12965

Seabirds and Climate

Amaya, D. J., Miller, A. J., Xie, S.-P., & Kosaka, Y. (2020). Physical drivers of the summer 2019 North Pacific marine heatwave. Nature Communications, 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15820-w

Amélineau, F., Grémillet, D., Harding, A. M. A., Walkusz, W., Choquet, R., & Fort, J. (2019). Arctic climate change and pollution impact little auk foraging and fitness across a decade. Scientific Reports, 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38042-z

Andersen, E. M., Wilson, R. R., Rode, K. D., Durner, G. M., Atwood, T. C., & Gustine, D. D. (2024). The post-emergence period for denning polar bears: Phenology and influence on cub survival. Journal of Mammalogy, 105, 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae010

Barnas, A. F., Simone, C. A. B., Geldart, E. A., Love, O. P., Jagielski, P. M., Gilchrist, H. G., Richardson, E. S., Dey, C. J., & Semeniuk, C. A. D. (2024). An interspecific foraging association with polar bears increases foraging opportunities for avian predators in a declining Arctic seabird colony. Ecology and Evolution, 14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11012

Bolaños, L. M., Karp-Boss, L., Choi, C. J., Worden, A. Z., Graff, J. R., Haëntjens, N., Chase, A. P., Della Penna, A., Gaube, P., Morison, F., Menden-Deuer, S., Westberry, T. K., O’Malley, R. T., Boss, E., Behrenfeld, M. J., & Giovannoni, S. J. (2020). Small phytoplankton dominate western North Atlantic biomass. The ISME Journal, 14, 1663–1674. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0636-0

Born, E. W., Rysgaard, S., Ehlmé, G., Sejr, M., Acquarone, M., & Levermann, N. (2003). Underwater observations of foraging free-living Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) and estimates of their food consumption. Polar Biology, 26, 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-003-0486-z

Carscallen, W. M. A., & Romanuk, T. N. (2012). Structure and robustness to species loss in Arctic and Antarctic ice-shelf meta-ecosystem webs. Ecological Modelling, 245, 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.027

Cavallo, A., & Peck, L. S. (2020). Lipid storage patterns in marine copepods: Environmental, ecological, and intrinsic drivers. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa070

Cavole, L., Demko, A., Diner, R., Giddings, A., Koester, I., Pagniello, C., Paulsen, M.-L., Ramirez-Valdez, A., Schwenck, S., Yen, N., Zill, M., & Franks, P. (2016). Biological Impacts of the 2013–2015 Warm-Water Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future. Oceanography, 29. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.32

Dalpadado, P., Prokopchuk, I. P., Bogstad, B., Skaret, G., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Dolgov, A. V., Boyko, A. S., Rey, A., Ono, K., Bagøien, E., & Huse, G. (2024). Zooplankton link climate to capelin and polar cod in the Barents Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 226, 103302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103302

de Leeuw, J. J., van den Brink, X., Gabrielsen, G. W., & Nijland, R. (2024). DNA metabarcoding reveals high diversity of fish and macrofaunal species in diets of little auks and other Arctic seabird species in Svalbard. Polar Biology, 47, 1013–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-024-03276-3

Descamps, S., Aars, J., Fuglei, E., Kovacs, K. M., Lydersen, C., Pavlova, O., Pedersen, Å. Ø., Ravolainen, V., & Strøm, H. (2016). Climate change impacts on wildlife in a High Arctic archipelago—Svalbard, Norway. Global Change Biology, 23, 490–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13381

Enstipp, M. R., Descamps, S., Fort, J., & Grémillet, D. (2018). Almost like a whale – first evidence of suction feeding in a seabird. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 221, jeb182170. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.182170

Falk-Petersen, S., Mayzaud, P., Kattner, G., & Sargent, J. R. (2008). Lipids and life strategy of Arctic Calanus. Marine Biology Research, 5, 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000802512267

Fossheim, M., Primicerio, R., Johannesen, E., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Aschan, M. M., & Dolgov, A. V. (2015). Recent warming leads to a rapid borealization of fish communities in the Arctic. Nature Climate Change, 5, 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2647

Kaiser, P., Hagen, W., Bode-Dalby, M., & Auel, H. (2022). Tolerant but facing increased competition: Arctic zooplankton versus Atlantic invaders in a warming ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.908638

Lester, C. W., Wagner, T. J. W., McNamara, D. E., & Cape, M. R. (2021). The Influence of Meltwater on Phytoplankton Blooms Near the Sea‐Ice Edge. Geophysical Research Letters, 48. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl091758

Maps, F., Storożenko, P. P., Świeżewski, J., & Ayata, S.-D. (2023). Automatic estimation of lipid content from in situ images of Arctic copepods using machine learning. Journal of Plankton Research, 46, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbad048

Mehlum, F., & Gabrielsen, G. W. (1993). The diet of High-Arctic seabirds in coastal and ice-covered, pelagic areas near the Svalbard archipelago. Polar Research, 12, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v12i1.6698

Peña, M. A., Nemcek, N., & Robert, M. (2018). Phytoplankton responses to the 2014–2016 warming anomaly in the northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 64, 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11056

Perrette, M., Yool, A., Quartly, G. D., & Popova, E. E. (2011). Near-ubiquity of ice-edge blooms in the Arctic. Biogeosciences, 8, 515–524. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-515-2011

Rieke, O., Årthun, M., & Dörr, J. S. (2023). Rapid sea ice changes in the future Barents Sea. The Cryosphere, 17, 1445–1456. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1445-2023

Robertson, R. R., & Bjorkstedt, E. P. (2020). Climate-driven variability in Euphausia pacifica size distributions off northern California. Progress in Oceanography, 188, 102412–102412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102412

Strugnell, J. M., Rogers, A. D., Prodöhl, P. A., Collins, M. A., & Allcock, A. L. (2008). The thermohaline expressway: The Southern Ocean as a centre of origin for deep-sea octopuses. Cladistics, 24, 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00234.x

Szuwalski, C., Aydin, K., Fedewa, E. J., Garber-Yonts, B. E., & Litzow, M. A. (2023). The collapse of eastern Bering Sea snow crab. Science, 382, 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf6035

Wang, H., Zheng, X.-T., Cai, W., Han, Z.-W., Xie, S.-P., Kang, S. M., Geng, Y.-F., Liu, F., Wang, C.-Y., Wu, Y., Xiang, B., & Zhou, L. (2024). Atmosphere teleconnections from abatement of China aerosol emissions exacerbate Northeast Pacific warm blob events. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313797121

Weydmann, A., Coelho, N. C., Serrão, E. A., Burzyński, A., & Pearson, G. A. (2016). Pan-Arctic population of the keystone copepod Calanus glacialis. Polar Biology, 39, 2311–2318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-1898-x

Yang, B., Emerson, S. R., & Peña, M. A. (2018). The effect of the 2013–2016 high temperature anomaly in the subarctic Northeast Pacific (the “Blob”) on net community production. Biogeosciences, 15, 6747–6759. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6747-2018

Yao, N., Song, Z., Chen, L., Sun, Y., Jiang, B., Li, P., Chen, J., & Yu, S. (2024). Less anthropogenic aerosol indirect effects are a potential cause for Northeast Pacific warm blob events. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2414614121

Whaling

Brakes, P., Butterworth, A., Simmonds, M., & Lymbery, P. (Eds.). (2004). Troubled Waters: A Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities. World Society for the Protection of Animals.

Clark, C. W., & Lamberson, R. (1982). An economic history and analysis of pelagic whaling. Marine Policy, 6, 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(82)90065-3

Ellis, R. (1999). Men and whales. Lyons Press.

Fahlman, A., Moore, M. J., & Wells, R. S. (2021). How Do Marine Mammals Manage and Usually Avoid Gas Emboli Formation and Gas Embolic Pathology? Critical Clues From Studies of Wild Dolphins. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.598633

Gil, K. N., Vogl, A. W., & Shadwick, R. E. (2024). Morphology and Mechanics of the Fin Whale Esophagus: The Key to Fast Processing of Large Food Volumes by Rorquals. Integrative Organismal Biology, 6. https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae020

Goldbogen, J. A., Potvin, J., & Shadwick, R. E. (2009). Skull and buccal cavity allometry increase mass-specific engulfment capacity in fin whales. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277, 861–868. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1680

Goldbogen, J., Pyenson, N., & Shadwick, R. (2007). Big gulps require high drag for fin whale lunge feeding. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 349, 289–301. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07066

Lockyer, C. (1976). Body weights of some species of large whales. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 36, 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/36.3.259

Rocha, R. C., Jr., Clapham, P. J., & Ivashchenko, Y. (2015). Emptying the Oceans: A Summary of Industrial Whaling Catches in the 20th Century. Marine Fisheries Review, 76, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.7755/mfr.76.4.3

Sigvaldsson, H. (1996). The International Whaling Commission: The Transition from a “Whaling Club” to a “Preservation Club.” Cooperation and Conflict, 31, 311–352.

Smith, G. (1984). The International Whaling Commission: An Analysis of the Past and Reflections on the Future. Natural Resources Lawyer, 16, 543–567.

Smith, T. D., Reeves, R. R., Josephson, E. A., & Lund, J. N. (2012). Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of American Whaling and Whales in the Age of Sail. PLoS ONE, 7, e34905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034905

Tonay, A. M., Danyer, I. A., Taşkaya, İ., Danyer, E., Öznur, N., Dede, A., Gülçubuk, A., Öztürk, G. Y., Hacıoğlu, S., Çanakcı, T., & Öztürk, A. A. (2024). Preliminary findings on Cuvier’s beaked whale mass stranding in Northern Cyprus. Journal of the Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 30.

Trumble, S. J., Norman, S. A., Crain, D. D., Mansouri, F., Winfield, Z. C., Sabin, R., Potter, C. W., Gabriele, C. M., & Usenko, S. (2018). Baleen whale cortisol levels reveal a physiological response to 20th century whaling. Nature Communications, 9, 4587. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07044-w

Verrill, A. H. (1916). The Real Story of the Whaler. D Appleton and Company.

Whitehead, H., Smith, T. D., & Rendell, L. (2021). Adaptation of sperm whales to open-boat whalers: Rapid social learning on a large scale? Biology Letters, 17. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0030

Wright, A. J., Simmonds, M. P., & Galletti Vernazzani, B. (2016). The International Whaling Commission—Beyond Whaling. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00158

Chapter 6. The Jewel Sea – Marine Life in the Tropics

Bleaching

Baums, I. B., Baker, A. C., Davies, S. W., Grottoli, A. G., Kenkel, C. D., Kitchen, S. A., Kuffner, I. B., LaJeunesse, T. C., Matz, M. V., Miller, M. W., Parkinson, J. E., & Shantz, A. A. (2019). Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic. Ecological Applications, 29. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1978

Buerger, P., Alvarez-Roa, C., Coppin, C. W., Pearce, S. L., Chakravarti, L. J., Oakeshott, J. G., Edwards, O. R., & van Oppen, M. J. H. (2020). Heat-evolved microalgal symbionts increase coral bleaching tolerance. Science Advances, 6, eaba2498. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba2498

Cleves, P. A., Strader, M. E., Bay, L. K., Pringle, J. R., & Matz, M. V. (2018). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in a reef-building coral. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 5235–5240. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722151115

Cunning, R., Silverstein, R. N., & Baker, A. C. (2017). Symbiont shuffling linked to differential photochemical dynamics of Symbiodinium in three Caribbean reef corals. Coral Reefs, 37, 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1640-3

Downs, C. A., McDougall, K. E., Woodley, C. M., Fauth, J. E., Richmond, R. H., Kushmaro, A., Gibb, S. W., Loya, Y., Ostrander, G. K., & Kramarsky-Winter, E. (2013). Heat-Stress and Light-Stress Induce Different Cellular Pathologies in the Symbiotic Dinoflagellate during Coral Bleaching. PLoS ONE, 8, e77173. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077173

Helgoe, J., Davy, S. K., Weis, V. M., & Rodriguez‐Lanetty, M. (2024). Triggers, cascades, and endpoints: Connecting the dots of coral bleaching mechanisms. Biological Reviews, 99. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.13042

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E. S., Skirving, W., & Dove, S. (2017). Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158

Hughes, T. P., Rodrigues, M. J., Bellwood, D. R., Ceccarelli, D., HoeghGuldberg, O., McCook, L., Moltschaniwskyj, N., Pratchett, M. S., Steneck, R. S., & Willis, B. (2007). Phase Shifts, Herbivory, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs to Climate Change. Current Biology, 17, 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.049

Lessios, H. A., Robertson, D. R., & Cubit, J. D. (1984). Spread of Diadema Mass Mortality Through the Caribbean. Science, 226, 335–337. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4672.335

Morgans, C. A., Hung, J. Y., Bourne, D. G., & Quigley, K. M. (2020). Symbiodiniaceae probiotics for use in bleaching recovery. Restoration Ecology, 28, 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13069

Newkirk, C. R., Frazer, T. K., Martindale, M. Q., & Schnitzler, C. E. (2020). Adaptation to Bleaching: Are Thermotolerant Symbiodiniaceae Strains More Successful Than Other Strains Under Elevated Temperatures in a Model Symbiotic Cnidarian? Frontiers in Microbiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00822

Nielsen, D. A., Petrou, K., & Gates, R. D. (2018). Coral bleaching from a single cell perspective. The ISME Journal, 12, 1558–1567. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0080-6

Palacio-Castro, A. M., Smith, T. B., Brandtneris, V., Snyder, G. A., van Hooidonk, R., Maté, J. L., Manzello, D., Glynn, P. W., Fong, P., & Baker, A. C. (2023). Increased dominance of heat-tolerant symbionts creates resilient coral reefs in near-term ocean warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202388120

Quigley, K. M., Ramsby, B., Laffy, P., Harris, J., Mocellin, V. J. L., & Bay, L. K. (2022). Symbioses are restructured by repeated mass coral bleaching. Science Advances, 8. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq8349

Rivera, H. E., Cohen, A. L., Thompson, J. R., Baums, I. B., Fox, M. D., & Meyer-Kaiser, K. S. (2022). Palau’s warmest reefs harbor thermally tolerant corals that thrive across different habitats. Communications Biology, 5, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-04315-7

Rosado, P. M., Leite, D. C. A., Duarte, G. A. S., Chaloub, R. M., Jospin, G., Nunes da Rocha, U., P. Saraiva, J., Dini-Andreote, F., Eisen, J. A., Bourne, D. G., & Peixoto, R. S. (2018). Marine probiotics: Increasing coral resistance to bleaching through microbiome manipulation. The ISME Journal, 13, 921–936. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0323-6

Rosic, N., Delamare-Deboutteville, J., & Dove, S. (2024). Heat stress in symbiotic dinoflagellates: Implications on oxidative stress and cellular changes. The Science of The Total Environment, 944, 173916–173916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173916

Sandin, S. A., Smith, J. E., DeMartini, E. E., Dinsdale, E. A., Donner, S. D., Friedlander, A. M., Konotchick, T., Malay, M., Maragos, J. E., Obura, D., Pantos, O., Paulay, G., Richie, M., Rohwer, F., Schroeder, R. E., Walsh, S., Jackson, J. B. C., Knowlton, N., & Sala, E. (2008). Baselines and Degradation of Coral Reefs in the Northern Line Islands. PLoS ONE, 3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001548

Stat, M., & Gates, R. D. (2011). Clade D Symbiodiniumin Scleractinian Corals: A “Nugget” of Hope, a Selfish Opportunist, an Ominous Sign, or All of the Above? Journal of Marine Biology, 2011, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/730715

Stockton, L., & Edmunds, P. J. (2021). Spatially aggressive peyssonnelid algal crusts (PAC) constrain coral recruitment to Diadema grazing halos on a shallow Caribbean reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 541, 151569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151569

Toth, L. T., Stathakopoulos, A., Kuffner, I. B., Ruzicka, R. R., Colella, M. A., & Shinn, E. A. (2019). The unprecedented loss of Florida’s reef‐building corals and the emergence of a novel coral‐reef assemblage. Ecology, 100. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2781

Tull, M. (2014). The History of Shark Fishing in Indonesia. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8727-7_4

Vompe, A. D., Epstein, H. E., Speare, K. E., Schmeltzer, E. R., Adam, T. C., Burkepile, D. E., Sharpton, T. J., & Vega Thurber, R. (2023). Microbiome ecological memory and responses to repeated marine heatwaves clarify variation in coral bleaching and mortality. Global Change Biology (Print), 30. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17088

Voolstra, C. R., & Ziegler, M. (2020). Adapting with Microbial Help: Microbiome Flexibility Facilitates Rapid Responses to Environmental Change. BioEssays, 42, 2000004. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000004

Butterflyfish/Territoriality

Berumen, M., Pratchett, M., & McCormick, M. (2005). Within-reef differences in diet and body condition of coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 287, 217–227. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps287217

Gochfeld, D. (2010). Territorial damselfishes facilitate survival of corals by providing an associational defense against predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 398, 137–148. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08302

Gunn, R. L., Hartley, I. R., Algar, A. C., Nadiarti, N., & Keith, S. A. (2022). Variation in the behaviour of an obligate corallivore is influenced by resource availability. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-022-03132-6

Madduppa, H. H., Zamani, N. P., Subhan, B., Aktani, U., & Ferse, S. C. A. (2014). Feeding behavior and diet of the eight-banded butterflyfish Chaetodon octofasciatus in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 97, 1353–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-014-0225-z

Righton, D., Miller, M., & Ormond, R. (1998). Correlates of territory size in the butterflyfish Chaetodon austriacus (Rüppell). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 226, 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(97)00235-9

Roberts, C. M., & Ormond, R. F. G. (1992). Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: A review. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 34, 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00004786

Thompson, C. A., Hoey, A. S., Montanari, S. R., Messmer, V., Doll, P. C., & Pratchett, M. S. (2021). Territoriality and condition of chevron butterflyfish (Chaetodon trifascialis) with varying coral cover on the great barrier reef, Australia. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 104, 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-021-01055-1

Yabuta, S. (2000). Behaviors in agonistic interaction of the butterflyfish ( Chaetodon lunulatus ). Journal of Ethology, 18, 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101640070018

Clownfish

Buston, P. M. (2003). Mortality is associated with social rank in the clown anemonefish ( Amphiprion percula ). Marine Biology, 143(4), 811–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1106-8

Delgado, A., Benedict, C., Macrander, J., & Daly, M. (2022). Never, Ever Make an Enemy… Out of an Anemone: Transcriptomic Comparison of Clownfish Hosting Sea Anemone Venoms. Marine Drugs, 20(12), 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120730

Émie, A.-G., François-Étienne, S., Sidki, B., & Nicolas, D. (2021). Microbiomes of clownfish and their symbiotic host anemone converge before their first physical contact. Microbiome, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01058-1

Heim, S., Teav, T., Cortesi, F., Gallart-Ayala, H., Ivanisevic, J., & Salamin, N. (2025). N-acetylated sugars in clownfish and damselfish skin mucus as messengers involved in chemical recognition by anemone host. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84495-w

Hoepner, C. M., Fobert, E. K., Abbott, C. A., & Burke, K. (2022). No Place Like Home: Can Omics Uncover the Secret behind the Sea Anemone and Anemonefish Symbiotic Relationship? In V. Laudet & T. Ravasi (Eds.), Evolution, Development and Ecology of Anemonefishes (pp. 197–208). CRC Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003125365-23

Kashimoto, R., Mercader, M., Zwahlen, J., Miura, S., Tanimoto, M., Yanagi, K., Reimer, J. D., Khalturin, K., & Laudet, V. (2024). Anemonefish are better taxonomists than humans. Current Biology, 34(5), R193–R194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.051

Miyagawa-Kohshima, K., Miyahara, H., Uchida, S., Odoriba, S., Okabe, D., Baba, Y., Touma, H., Takemoto, A., Yamanishi, N., Matsuzaki, S., Nagata, S., Kanaya, Y., Wakai, M., Koyanagi, H., Igei, H., & Nakazato, M. (2014). Embryonic learning of chemical cues via the parents’ host in anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 457, 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.04.004

Nguyen, H. T., Zhao, M., Wang, T., Dang, B. T., Geffen, A. J., & Cummins, S. F. (2024). Sea anemone–anemonefish symbiosis: Behavior and mucous protein profiling. Journal of Fish Biology, 105, 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15772

Porat, D., & Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2004). Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: Expansion behavior, growth, and survival. Hydrobiologia, 530–531(1–3), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-2688-y

Pryor, S. H., Hill, R., Dixson, D. L., Fraser, N. J., Kelaher, B. P., & Scott, A. (2020). Anemonefish facilitate bleaching recovery in a host sea anemone. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 18586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75585-6

Competitions and Cooperation

Bshary, R., Hohner, A., Ait-el-Djoudi, K., & Fricke, H. (2006). Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea. PLoS Biology, 4, e431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431

Bunkley-Williams, L., & Williams, E. H. (2000). Juvenile Black Snapper,Apsilus dentatus (Lutjanidae), Mimic Blue Chromis,Chromis cyanea (Pomacentridae). Copeia, 2000, 579–581. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511

Clements, C. S., Pratte, Z. A., Stewart, F. J., & Hay, M. E. (2024). Removal of detritivore sea cucumbers from reefs increases coral disease. Nature Communications, 15, 1338. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45730-0

Eagle, J. V., & Jones, G. P. (2004). Mimicry in coral reef fishes: Ecological and behavioural responses of a mimic to its model. Journal of Zoology, 264, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952836904005473

Frédérich, B., Colleye, O., Lepoint, G., & Lecchini, D. (2012). Mismatch between shape changes and ecological shifts during the post-settlement growth of the surgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus. Frontiers in Zoology, 9, 8–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-9-8

Gray, B. C. T., Byrne, M., Clements, M., & Purcell, S. W. (2023). Movement dynamics, sediment turnover and sheltering behaviours of the nocturnal coral reef sea cucumber, Stichopus cf. Monotuberculatus. Coral Reefs, 42, 1329–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02433-0

Moss, M. L., & Murchison, E. (1966). Calcified anal teeth and pharyngeal ring in the holothurian, Actinopyga mauritani. Cells Tissues Organs, 64, 446–461. https://doi.org/10.1159/000142845

Purcell, S. W., Conand, C., Uthicke, S., & Byrne, M. (2016). Ecological roles of exploited sea cucumbers. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 54, 367–386.

Sato, H., Sakai, Y., & Kuwamura, T. (2024). Temporary division of roles in group hunting for fish eggs by a coral reef fish. Journal of Ethology, 42, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-024-00812-w

Williamson, J. E., Duce, S., Joyce, K. E., & Raoult, V. (2021). Putting sea cucumbers on the map: Projected holothurian bioturbation rates on a coral reef scale. Coral Reefs, 40, 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02057-2

Wolfe, K., & Byrne, M. (2022). Overview of the Great Barrier Reef sea cucumber fishery with focus on vulnerable and endangered species. Biological Conservation, 266, 109451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109451

Coral Fish

Almany, G. R., & Webster, M. S. (2005). The predation gauntlet: Early post-settlement mortality in reef fishes. Coral Reefs, 25, 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-005-0044-y

Bos, A. R., & Hoeksema, B. W. (2014). Cryptobenthic fishes and co-inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis (Fungiidae) in the Davao Gulf, Philippines. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 98, 1479–1489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-014-0374-0

Carr, M. H., Anderson, T. W., & Hixon, M. A. (2002). Biodiversity, population regulation, and the stability of coralreef fish communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 11241–11245.

Chase, T. J., Pratchett, M. S., Frank, G. E., & Hoogenboom, M. O. (2018). Coral-dwelling fish moderate bleaching susceptibility of coral hosts. PLOS ONE, 13, e0208545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208545

Depczynski, M., & Bellwood, D. R. (2006). Extremes, plasticity, and invariance in vertebrate life history traits: Insights from coral reef fishes. Ecology, 87, 3119–3127. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658

Dirnwoeber, M., & Herler, J. (2012). Toxic coral gobies reduce the feeding rate of a corallivorous butterflyfish on Acropora corals. Coral Reefs, 32, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0947-3

Doll, P., Munday, P., Bonin, M., & Jones, G. (2021). Habitat specialisation and overlap in coral reef gobies of the genus Eviota (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 677, 81–94. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13863

Gratzer, B., Millesi, E., Walzl, M., & Herler, J. (2014). Skin toxins in coral-associated Gobiodon species (Teleostei: Gobiidae) affect predator preference and prey survival. Marine Ecology, 36, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12117

Henry, L., & Murray, R. J. (2017). Global biodiversity in coldwater coral reef ecosystems (pp. 235–256). Springer.

Messmer, V., Jones, G. P., Munday, P. L., Holbrook, S. J., Schmitt, R. J., & Brooks, A. J. (2011). Habitat biodiversity as a determinant of fish community structure on coral reefs. Ecology, 92, 2285–2298.

Munday, P. L., Caley, M. J., & Jones, G. P. (1998). Bi-directional sex change in a coral-dwelling goby. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 43, 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050504

Nakashima, Y., Kuwamura, T., & Yogo, Y. (1996). Both-ways sex change in monogamous coral gobies, Gobiodon spp. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 46, 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00005004

Pryor, S. H., Hill, R., Dixson, D. L., Fraser, N. J., Kelaher, B. P., & Scott, A. (2020). Anemonefish facilitate bleaching recovery in a host sea anemone. Scientific Reports, 10, 18586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75585-6

Rueger, T., Buston, P. M., Bogdanowicz, S. M., & Wong, M. Y. (2021). Genetic relatedness in social groups of the emerald coral goby Paragobiodon xanthosoma creates potential for weak kin selection. Molecular Ecology, 30, 1311–1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15809

Corals

Ben-Ari, H., Paz, M., & Sher, D. (2018). The chemical armament of reef-building corals: Inter- and intra-specific variation and the identification of an unusual actinoporin in Stylophora pistilata. Scientific Reports, 8, 251. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18355-1

Ladd, H. S., & Schlanger, S. O. (1960). Bikini and nearby atolls, Marshall Islands; drilling operations on Eniwetok Atoll. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers 260-Y. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp260y

Lapid, E., & Chadwick, N. (2006). Long-term effects of competition on coral growth and sweeper tentacle development. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 313, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps313115

Lord, K. S., Lesneski, K. C., Buston, P. M., Davies, S. R., D’Aloia, C., & Finnerty, J. R. (2023). Rampant asexual reproduction and limited dispersal in a mangrove population of the coral Porites divaricata. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1070

Loya, Y., & Sakai, K. (2008). Bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275, 2335–2343. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0675

Macrander, J., Brugler, M. R., & Daly, M. (2015). A RNA-seq approach to identify putative toxins from Acrorhagi in aggressive and non-aggressive Anthopleura elegantissima polyps. BMC Genomics, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1417-4

Paruntu, C. P., Darwisito, S., & Rumengan, A. P. (2023). Use of nematocyst stinging cell for inter-specific aggression of scleractinian corals. AACL Bioflux, 16, 2467–2473.

Sheppard, C. (1979). Interspecific Aggression Between Reef Corals with Reference to Their Distribution. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps001237

Spalding, M. D., & Grenfell, A. M. (1997). New estimates of global and regional coral reef areas. Coral Reefs, 16, 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050078

Stanley Jr, G. D. (2003). The evolution of modern corals and their early history. Earth Science Reviews, 60, 195–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00104-6

Stanley Jr, G. D. (2006). Photosymbiosis and the evolution of modern coral reefs. Science, 312, 857–858. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1126/science.11237

Vollmer, S. V., & Palumbi, S. R. (2002). Hybridization and the evolution of reef coral diversity. Science, 296, 2023–2025. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1126/science.1069524

Wiedenmann, J., D’Angelo, C., Mardones, M. L., Moore, S., Benkwitt, C. E., Graham, N. A. J., Hambach, B., Wilson, P. A., Vanstone, J., Eyal, G., Ben-Zvi, O., Loya, Y., & Genin, A. (2023). Reef-building corals farm and feed on their photosynthetic symbionts. Nature, 620, 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06442-5

Williams, R. B. (1991). Acrorhagi, catch tentacles and sweeper tentacles: A synopsis of “aggression” of actiniarian and scleractinian Cnidaria. Hydrobiologia, 216–217, 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00026511

Defence

Dutertre, S., Jin, A.-H., Vetter, I., Hamilton, B., Sunagar, K., Lavergne, V., Dutertre, V., Fry, B. G., Antunes, A., Venter, D. J., Alewood, P. F., & Lewis, R. J. (2014). Evolution of separate predation- and defence-evoked venoms in carnivorous cone snails. Nature Communications, 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4521

Goiran, C., & Shine, R. (2014). Parental defence on the reef: Antipredator tactics of coral-reef fishes against egg-eating seasnakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12422

Hay, M. E., Fenical, W., & Gustafson, K. (1987). Chemical defense against diverse coral‐reef herbivores. Ecology, 68, 1581–1591.

Hein, R. G. (1996). Mobbing Behavior in Juvenile French Grunts (Haemulon flavolineatum). Copeia, 1996, 989. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447662

Kohn, A. J. (2016). Human injuries and fatalities due to venomous marine snails of the family Conidae. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 54, 524–538. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP202630

Putz, A., & Proksch, P. (2010). Chemical defence in marine ecosystems. Annual Plant Reviews Volume 39: Functions and Biotechnology of Plant Secondary Metabolites, 39, 162–213.

Xiong, X., Menting, J. G., Disotuar, M. M., Smith, N. A., Delaine, C. A., Ghabash, G., Agrawal, R., Wang, X., He, X., Fisher, S. J., MacRaild, C. A., Norton, R. S., Gajewiak, J., Forbes, B. E., Smith, B. J., Safavi-Hemami, H., Olivera, B., Lawrence, M. C., & Chou, D. H.-C. (2020). A structurally minimized yet fully active insulin based on cone-snail venom insulin principles. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 27, 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0430-8

Yeung, H. Y., Iris, Ramiro, Andersen, D. B., Koch, T. L., Hamilton, A., Bjørn-Yoshimoto, W. E., Espino, S., Vakhrushev, S. Y., Pedersen, K. B., Haan, de, Ederveen, A., Olivera, B. M., Knudsen, J. G., Bräuner-Osborne, H., Schjoldager, K. T., Holst, J. J., & Safavi-Hemami, H. (2024). Fish-hunting cone snail disrupts prey’s glucose homeostasis with weaponized mimetics of somatostatin and insulin. Nature Communications, 15, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50470-2

Farmerfish

Brawley, S. H., & Adey, W. H. (1977). Territorial behavior of threespot damselfish (Eupomacentrus planifrons) increases reef algal biomass and productivity. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00001415

Brooker, R. M., Casey, J. M., Cowan, Z.-L., Sih, T. L., Dixson, D. L., Manica, A., & Feeney, W. E. (2020). Domestication via the commensal pathway in a fish-invertebrate mutualism. Nature Communications, 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19958-5

Ceccarelli, D., Jones, G. P., & McCook, L. (2001). Territorial damselfishes as determinants of the structure of benthic communities on coral reefs. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 39, 363–398. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12588-5

Ceccarelli, D. M., Jones, G. P., & McCook, L. J. (2005). Effects of territorial damselfish on an algal-dominated coastal coral reef. Coral Reefs, 24, 606–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-005-0035-z

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Interactions and Cascades

Andras, T. D., Alexander, T. S., Gahlena, A., Parry, R. M., Fernandez, F. M., Kubanek, J., Wang, M. D., & Hay, M. E. (2012). Seaweed Allelopathy Against Coral: Surface Distribution of a Seaweed Secondary Metabolite by Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 38, 1203–1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0204-9

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Benkwitt, C. E., D’Angelo, C., Dunn, R. E., Gunn, R. L., Healing, S., Mardones, M. L., Wiedenmann, J., Wilson, S. K., & Graham, N. A. J. (2023). Seabirds boost coral reef resilience. Science Advances, 9. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj0390

Benkwitt, C. E., Taylor, B. M., Meekan, M. G., & Nicholas. (2021). Natural nutrient subsidies alter demographic rates in a functionally important coral-reef fish. Scientific Reports, 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91884-y

Benkwitt, C. E., Wilson, S. K., & Graham, N. A. J. (2020). Biodiversity increases ecosystem functions despite multiple stressors on coral reefs. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 919–926. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1203-9

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Brandl, S. J., Tornabene, L., Goatley, C. H. R., Casey, J. M., Morais, R. A., Côté, I. M., Baldwin, C. C., Parravicini, V., Schiettekatte, N. M. D., & Bellwood, D. R. (2019). Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning. Science, 364, 1189–1192. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav3384

Casey, J. M., Baird, A. H., Brandl, S. J., Hoogenboom, M. O., Rizzari, J. R., Frisch, A. J., Mirbach, C. E., & Connolly, S. R. (2016). A test of trophic cascade theory: Fish and benthic assemblages across a predator density gradient on coral reefs. Oecologia, 183, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3753-8

Clements, K. D., German, D. P., Piché, J., Tribollet, A., & Choat, J. H. (2016). Integrating ecological roles and trophic diversification on coral reefs: Multiple lines of evidence identify parrotfishes as microphages. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120, 729–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12914

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Edwards, C. B., Friedlander, A. M., Green, A. G., Hardt, M. J., Sala, E., Sweatman, H. P., Williams, I. D., Zgliczynski, B., Sandin, S. A., & Smith, J. E. (2014). Global assessment of the status of coral reef herbivorous fishes: Evidence for fishing effects. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20131835. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1835

Fong, P., & Paul, V. J. (2010). Coral Reef Algae (Z. Dubinsky & N. Stambler, Eds.; pp. 241–272). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_17

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Graham, N. A. J., Wilson, S. K., Carr, P., Hoey, A. S., Jennings, S., & MacNeil, M. A. (2018). Seabirds Enhance Coral reef Productivity and Functioning in the Absence of Invasive Rats. Nature, 559, 250–253. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0202-3

Humphries, A. T., McClanahan, T. R., & McQuaid, C. D. (2020). Algal turf consumption by sea urchins and fishes is mediated by fisheries management on coral reefs in Kenya. Coral Reefs, 39, 1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01943-5

Jones, H. P., Tershy, B. R., Zavaleta, E. S., Croll, D. A., Keitt, B. S., Finklestein, M. E., & Howald, G. R. (2008). Severity of the Effects of Invasive Rats on Seabirds: A Global Review. Conservation Biology, 22, 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00859.x

Lorrain, A., Houlbrèque, F., Benzoni, F., Barjon, L., Tremblay-Boyer, L., Menkes, C., Gillikin, D. P., Payri, C., Jourdan, H., Boussarie, G., Verheyden, A., & Vidal, E. (2017). Seabirds supply nitrogen to reef-building corals on remote Pacific islets. Scientific Reports, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03781-y

Manning, J. C., & McCoy, S. J. (2023). Preferential consumption of benthic cyanobacterial mats by Caribbean parrotfishes. Coral Reefs, 42, 967–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02404-5

Marcus, M. A., Amini, S., Stifler, C. A., Sun, C.-Y., Tamura, N., Bechtel, H. A., Parkinson, D. Y., Barnard, H. S., Zhang, X. X. X., Chua, J. Q. I., Miserez, A., & Gilbert, P. U. P. A. (2017). Parrotfish Teeth: Stiff Biominerals Whose Microstructure Makes Them Tough and Abrasion-Resistant To Bite Stony Corals. ACS Nano, 11, 11856–11865. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05044

McCauley, D. J., DeSalles, P. A., Young, H. S., Dunbar, R. B., Dirzo, R., Mills, M. M., & Micheli, F. (2012). From wing to wing: The persistence of long ecological interaction chains in less-disturbed ecosystems. Scientific Reports, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00409

Mihalitsis, M., & Wainwright, P. C. (2024). Feeding kinematics of a surgeonfish reveal novel functions and relationships to reef substrata. Communications Biology, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05696-z

Mumby, P. J. (2006). Fishing, Trophic Cascades, and the Process of Grazing on Coral Reefs. Science, 311, 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121129

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Nicholson, G. M., & Clements, K. D. (2020). Resolving resource partitioning in parrotfishes (Scarini) using microhistology of feeding substrata. Coral Reefs, 39, 1313–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01964-0

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Pavlowich, T., Webster, D. G., & Kapuscinski, A. R. (2018). Leveraging sex change in parrotfish to manage fished populations. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.318

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Sandin, S. A., French, B. J., & Zgliczynski, B. J. (2022). Emerging insights on effects of sharks and other top predators on coral reefs. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 6, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20210238

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Taylor, B. M., Benkwitt, C. E., Choat, H., Clements, K. D., Graham, N. A. J., & Meekan, M. G. (2019). Synchronous biological feedbacks in parrotfishes associated with pantropical coral bleaching. Global Change Biology, 26. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14909

Tebbett, S. B., Siqueira, A. C., & Bellwood, D. R. (2022). The functional roles of surgeonfishes on coral reefs: Past, present and future. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09692-6

van der Reis, A., & Clements, K. D. (2024). DNA, databases and diet: A case study on the parrotfish Scarus rivulatus. Coral Reefs, 43, 1189–1206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02527-3

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Interactions and Mutualisms

Callier, V. (2020). Understanding the evolution of cell types to explain the roots of animal diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 5547–5549. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002403117

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Hata, H., & Kato, M. (2006). A novel obligate cultivation mutualism between damselfish and Polysiphonia algae. Biology Letters, 2, 593–596. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0528

Knowlton, N., & Rohwer, F. (2003). Multispecies Microbial Mutualisms on Coral Reefs: The Host as a Habitat. The American Naturalist, 162, S51–S62. https://doi.org/10.1086/378684

Zykova, A. V., & Mikheev, V. N. (2018). Coral Fish in Symbiotic Associations: Benefits and Risks. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 8, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086418010073

Mix

Al-Hammady, M. A. M. (2013). The effect of zooxanthellae availability on the rates of skeletal growth in the Red Sea coral Acropora hemprichii. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 39, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2013.10.005

Baker, D. M., Freeman, C. J., Wong, J. C. Y., Fogel, M. L., & Knowlton, N. (2018). Climate change promotes parasitism in a coral symbiosis. The ISME Journal, 12, 921–930. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0046-8

Boström-Einarsson, L., Bonin, M. C., Munday, P. L., & Jones, G. P. (2018). Loss of live coral compromises predator-avoidance behaviour in coral reef damselfish. Scientific Reports, 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26090-4

Byrne, M., Deaker, D. J., Gibbs, M., Selvakumaraswamy, P., & Clements, M. (2023). Juvenile waiting stage crown‐of‐thorns sea stars are resilient in heatwave conditions that bleach and kill corals. Global Change Biology, 29, 6493–6502. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16946

Jacobovitz, M. R., Rupp, S., Voss, P. A., Maegele, I., Gornik, S. G., & Guse, A. (2021). Dinoflagellate symbionts escape vomocytosis by host cell immune suppression. Nature Microbiology, 6, 769–782. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00897-w

Keith, S. A., Baird, A. H., Hobbs, J.-P. A., Woolsey, E. S., Hoey, A. S., Fadli, N., & Sanders, N. J. (2018). Synchronous behavioural shifts in reef fishes linked to mass coral bleaching. Nature Climate Change, 8, 986–991. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0314-7

Kroon, F. J., Barneche, D. R., & Emslie, M. J. (2021). Fish Predators Control Outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish. Nature Communications, 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26786-8

Pasternak, Z., Blasius, B., Abelson, A., & Achituv, Y. (2006). Host-finding behaviour and navigation capabilities of symbiotic zooxanthellae. Coral Reefs, 25, 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-005-0085-2

Patterson Edward, J. K., Jayanthi, M., Malleshappa, H., Jeyasanta, K. I., Laju, R. L., Patterson, J., Diraviya Raj, K., Mathews, G., Marimuthu, A. S., & Grimsditch, G. (2021). COVID-19 lockdown improved the health of coastal environment and enhanced the population of reef-fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 165, 112124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112124

Pratchett, M. S., Caballes, C. F., Wilmes, J. C., Matthews, S., Mellin, C., Sweatman, H. P. A., Nadler, L. E., Brodie, J., Thompson, C. A., Hoey, J., Bos, A. R., Byrne, M., Messmer, V., Fortunato, S. A. V., Chen, C. C. M., Buck, A. C. E., Babcock, R. C., & Uthicke, S. (2017). Thirty Years of Research on Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (1986–2016): Scientific Advances and Emerging Opportunities. Diversity, 9, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/d9040041

One Tree Animals

Brandl, S. J., & Bellwood, D. R. (2014). Pair-Formation in Coral Reef Fishes: An Ecological Perspective. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 52, 1–80. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17143-2

Takegaki, T., & Nakazono, A. (1999a). Division of labor in the monogamous goby,Valenciennea longipinnis, in relation to burrowing behavior. Ichthyological Research, 46, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02675430

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Takegaki, T., & Nakazono, A. (2000). The role of mounds in promoting water-exchange in the egg-tending burrows of monogamous goby, Valenciennea longipinnis (Lay et Bennett). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 253, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00251-3

Predators

Boaden, A., & J, K. M. (2015). Predators drive community structure in coral reef fish assemblages. Ecosphere, 6, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00292.1

Bradley, D., Conklin, E., Papastamatiou, Y. P., McCauley, D. J., Pollock, K., Pollock, A., Kendall, B. E., Gaines, S. D., & Caselle, J. E. (2017). Resetting predator baselines in coral reef ecosystems. Scientific Reports, 7, 43131. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43131

Grobecker, D. B., & Pietsch, T. W. (1979). High-Speed Cinematographic Evidence for Ultrafast Feeding in Antennariid Anglerfishes. Science, 205, 1161–1162. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4411.1161

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Matchette, S. R., Drerup, C., Davison, I. K., Simpson, S. D., Radford, A. N., & Herbert-Read, J. E. (2023). Predatory trumpetfish conceal themselves from their prey by swimming alongside other fish. Current Biology, 33, R801–R802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.075

Motta, P. J. (1983). Response by potential prey to coral reef fish predators. Animal Behaviour, 31, 1257–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80033-5

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Rickel, S., & Genin, A. (2005). Twilight transitions in coral reef fish: The input of light-induced changes in foraging behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 70, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.10.014

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Tegge, S., Hall, J., & Huskey, S. (2019). Spatial and temporal changes in buccal pressure during prey-capture in the trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus). Zoomorphology, 139, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-019-00470-4

Reef Fish Evolution

Bellwood, D. R., & Wainwright, P. C. (2002). The History and Biogeography of Fishes on Coral Reefs (P. F. Sale, Ed.; pp. 5–32). Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012615185-5/50003-7

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Ng, I., Bellwood, D. R., Strugnell, J. M., Parravicini, V., & Siqueira, A. C. (2024). The rise of dietary diversity in coral reef fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 291. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.1004

Simpson, S. D., Piercy, J. J. B., King, J., & Codling, E. A. (2013). Modelling larval dispersal and behaviour of coral reef fishes. Ecological Complexity, 16, 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.08.001

Siqueira, A. C., Yan, H. F., Morais, R. A., & Bellwood, D. R. (2023). The evolution of fast-growing coral reef fishes. Nature, 618, 322–327. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06070-z

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Reef Paradox

Charpy, L., Casareto, B. E., Langlade, M. J., & Suzuki, Y. (2012). Cyanobacteria in Coral Reef Ecosystems: A Review. Journal of Marine Biology, 2012, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/259571

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Gove, J. M., McManus, M. A., Neuheimer, A. B., Polovina, J. J., Drazen, J. C., Smith, C. R., Merrifield, M. A., Friedlander, A. M., Ehses, J. S., Young, C. W., Dillon, A. K., & Williams, G. J. (2016). Near-island biological hotspots in barren ocean basins. Nature Communications, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10581

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Roth, F., Saalmann, F., Thomson, T., Coker, D. J., Villalobos, R., Jones, B. H., Wild, C., & Carvalho, S. (2018). Coral reef degradation affects the potential for reef recovery after disturbance. Marine Environmental Research, 142, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.022

Shapiro, O. H., Fernandez, V. I., Garren, M., Guasto, J. S., Debaillon-Vesque, F. P., Kramarsky-Winter, E., Vardi, A., & Stocker, R. (2014). Vortical ciliary flows actively enhance mass transport in reef corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 13391–13396. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323094111

Tanaka, Y., Miyajima, T., Koike, I., Hayashibara, T., & Ogawa, H. (2008). Production of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter by the Reef-building Corals Porites cylindrica and Acropora pulchra. Bulletin of Marine Science, 82, 237–245.

Vizon, C., Urbanowiez, A., Raviglione, D., Bonnard, I., & Nugues, M. M. (2024). Benthic cyanobacterial metabolites interact to reduce coral larval survival and settlement. Harmful Algae, 132, 102582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2024.102582

Werner, U., Blazejak, A., Bird, P., Eickert, G., Schoon, R., Abed, R. M. M., Bissett, A., & de Beer, D. (2008). Microbial photosynthesis in coral reef sediments (Heron Reef, Australia). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76, 876–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.015

Shrimps and Gobies

Burns, A. L., Wilson, A. D. M., & Ward, A. J. W. (2019). Behavioural interdependence in a shrimp‐goby mutualism. Journal of Zoology, 308, 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12673

Karplus, I., & Thompson, A. R. (2011). The association between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps (R. Patzner, J. van Tassell, M. Kovacic, & B. G. Kapoor, Eds.; Vol. 35, p. 560). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0254(88)92614-3

Kohda, M., Yamanouchi, H., Hirata, T., Satoh, S., & Ota, K. (2016). A novel aspect of goby–shrimp symbiosis: Gobies provide droppings in their burrows as vital food for their partner shrimps. Marine Biology, 164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-3060-2

Lyons, P. (2014). Behavioral differences among mutualist species in a shrimp-goby association. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 510, 101–106. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10905

Preston, J. L. (1978). Communication systems and social interactions in a goby-shrimp symbiosis. Animal Behaviour, 26, 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(78)90144-6

Territoriality

Cowlishaw, M. (2014). Determinants of home range and territory size in coral reef fishes [PhD Thesis].

Fontoura, L., Cantor, M., Longo, G. O., Bender, M. G., Bonaldo, R. M., & Floeter, S. R. (2020). The macroecology of reef fish agonistic behaviour. Ecography, 43, 1278–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05079

Fricke, H. W. (2010). Mating Systems, Maternal and Biparental Care in Triggerfish (Balistidae). Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, 53, 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01043.x

Kuwamura, T. (2010). Evolution of Female Egg Care in Haremic Triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus. Ethology, 103, 1015–1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00143.x

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Chapter 7. Amid the Flashing and Feathery Foam – Marine Life in the Open Ocean

Galapagos

Alava, J. J., Barragán-Paladines, M. J., Denkinger, J., Muñoz-Abril, L., Jiménez, P. J., Paladines, F., Valle, C. A., Tirapé, A., Gaibor, N., Calle, M., Calle, P., Reyes, H., Espinoza, E., & Grove, J. (2017). Chinese Fleet Jeopardizes Threatened Shark Species around the Galápagos Marine Reserve and Waters off Ecuador: Implications for National and International Fisheries Policy. International Journal of Fisheries Science and Research, 1, 1001.

Arnés-Urgellés, C., Salinas‐de‐León, P., Rastoin‐Laplane, E., Vaca‐Pita, L., Suárez-Moncada, J., & Páez‐Rosas, D. (2021). The Effects of Climatic Variability on the Feeding Ecology of the Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna lewini) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.625748

Druon, J.-N., Campana, S., Vandeperre, F., Hazin, F. H. V., Bowlby, H., Coelho, R., Queiroz, N., Serena, F., Abascal, F., Damalas, D., Musyl, M., Lopez, J., Block, B., Afonso, P., Dewar, H., Sabarros, P. S., Finucci, B., Zanzi, A., Bach, P., … Travassos, P. (2022). Global-Scale Environmental Niche and Habitat of Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) by Size and Sex: A Pivotal Step to Improving Stock Management. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.828412

Gallagher, A. J., Hammerschlag, N., Shiffman, D. S., & Giery, S. T. (2014). Evolved for Extinction: The Cost and Conservation Implications of Specialization in Hammerhead Sharks. BioScience, 64, 619–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu071

Gomes-Pereira, J. N., Pham, C. K., Miodonski, J., Santos, M. A. R., Dionísio, G., Catarino, D., Nyegaard, M., Sawai, E., Carreira, G. P., & Afonso, P. (2022). The heaviest bony fish in the world: A 2744‐kg giant sunfish Mola alexandrini (Ranzani, 1839) from the North Atlantic. Journal of Fish Biology, 102, 290–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15244

Kajiura, S. M. (2001). Head Morphology and Electrosensory Pore Distribution of Carcharhinid and Sphyrnid Sharks. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011028312787

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Nakaya, K. (1995). Hydrodynamic Function of the Head in the Hammerhead Sharks (Elasmobranchii: Sphyrnidae). Copeia, 1995, 330. https://doi.org/10.2307/1446895

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Perryman, R. J. Y., Carpenter, M., Lie, E., Sofronov, G., Marshall, A. D., & Brown, C. (2021). Reef manta ray cephalic lobe movements are modulated during social interactions. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-021-02973-x

Spaet, J. L. Y., Lam, C. H., Braun, C. D., & Berumen, M. L. (2017). Extensive use of mesopelagic waters by a Scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) in the Red Sea. Animal Biotelemetry, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-017-0135-x

Torres-Rojas, Y., Hernandez-Herrera, A., & Galvan-Magana, F. (2006). Feeding habits of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, in Mazatlán waters, southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Cybium, 30, 85–90.

Open Ocean Animals

Breen, P., Cañadas, A., Cadhla, O. Ó., Mackey, M., Scheidat, M., Geelhoed, S. C. V., Rogan, E., & Jessopp, M. (2017). New insights into ocean sunfish (Mola mola) abundance and seasonal distribution in the northeast Atlantic. Scientific Reports, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02103-6

Doubleday, Z. A., Prowse, T. A. A., Arkhipkin, A., Pierce, G. J., Semmens, J., Steer, M., Leporati, S. C., Lourenço, S., Quetglas, A., Sauer, W., & Gillanders, B. M. (2016). Global proliferation of cephalopods. Current Biology, 26, R406–R407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.002

Irigoien, X., Klevjer, T. A., Røstad, A., Martinez, U., Boyra, G., Acuña, J. L., Bode, A., Echevarria, F., Gonzalez-Gordillo, J. I., Hernandez-Leon, S., Agusti, S., Aksnes, D. L., Duarte, C. M., & Kaartvedt, S. (2014). Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nature Communications, 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4271

Ottmann, D., Langbehn, T. J., Reglero, P., Alvarez‐Berastegui, D., & Fiksen, Ø. (2023). Model of mesopelagic fish predation on eggs and larvae shows benefits of tuna spawning under full moon. Limnology and Oceanography, 68, 2632–2641. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12465

Shearer, J. M., Quick, N. J., Cioffi, W. R., Baird, R. W., Webster, D. L., Foley, H. J., Swaim, Z. T., Waples, D. M., Bell, J. T., & Read, A. J. (2019). Diving behaviour of Cuvier’s beaked whales ( Ziphius cavirostris ) off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Royal Society Open Science, 6, 181728. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181728

Open Ocean Diel Vertical Migration

Plankton

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Ball, E. E., & Miller, D. J. (2006). Phylogeny: The Continuing Classificatory Conundrum of Chaetognaths. Current Biology, 16, R593–R596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.006

Bar-On, Y. M., & Milo, R. (2019). The Biomass Composition of the Oceans: A Blueprint of Our Blue Planet. Cell, 179, 1451–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.018

Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 6506–6511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115

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Cavicchioli, R., Ripple, W. J., Timmis, K. N., Azam, F., Bakken, L. R., Baylis, M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Boetius, A., Boyd, P. W., Classen, A. T., Crowther, T. W., Danovaro, R., Foreman, C. M., Huisman, J., Hutchins, D. A., Jansson, J. K., Karl, D. M., Koskella, B., Mark Welch, D. B., … Webster, N. S. (2019). Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: Microorganisms and Climate Change. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17, 569–586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5

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Hays, G. C., Doyle, T. K., & Houghton, J. D. R. (2018). A Paradigm Shift in the Trophic Importance of Jellyfish? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33, 874–884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.001

Hernández-León, S., Koppelmann, R., Fraile-Nuez, E., Bode, A., Mompeán, C., Irigoien, X., Olivar, M. P., Echevarría, F., Fernández de Puelles, M. L., González-Gordillo, J. I., Cózar, A., Acuña, J. L., Agustí, S., & Duarte, C. M. (2020). Large deep-sea zooplankton biomass mirrors primary production in the global ocean. Nature Communications, 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19875-7

Hopkins, F. E., Archer, S. D., Bell, T. G., Suntharalingam, P., & Todd, J. D. (2023). The biogeochemistry of marine dimethylsulfide. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4, 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00428-7

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Lavoie, M., & Raven, J. A. (2020). How can large-celled diatoms rapidly modulate sinking rates episodically? Journal of Experimental Botany, 71, 3386–3389. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa129

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Plastics

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Haram, L. E., Carlton, J. T., Centurioni, L., Crowley, M., Hafner, J., Maximenko, N., Murray, C. C., Shcherbina, A. Y., Hormann, V., Wright, C., & Ruiz, G. M. (2021). Emergence of a neopelagic community through the establishment of coastal species on the high seas. Nature Communications, 12, 6885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27188-6

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Rochman, C. M., Browne, M. A., Halpern, B. S., Hentschel, B. T., Hoh, E., Karapanagioti, H. K., Rios-Mendoza, L. M., Takada, H., Teh, S., & Thompson, R. C. (2013). Classify plastic waste as hazardous. Nature, 494, 169–171. https://doi.org/10.1038/494169a

Santos, R. G., Machovsky-Capuska, G. E., & Andrades, R. (2021). Plastic ingestion as an evolutionary trap: Toward a holistic understanding. Science, 373, 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh0945

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Shaji, A., Kamalesh, R., Dinakarkumar, Y., Saravanan, A., Arokiyaraj, S., Mani, H. P., Veera, H. M., Muthu, D. B., Ramakrishnan, G., & Ivo Romauld, S. (2024). Microbial degradation of marine plastic debris: A comprehensive review on the environmental effects, disposal, and biodegradation. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 201, 109133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2023.109133

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Seamounts

Ari, C. (2011). Encephalization and Brain Organization of Mobulid Rays (Myliobatiformes, Elasmobranchii) with Ecological Perspectives. The Open Anatomy Journal, 3, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2174/1877609401103010001

Barry, J., Litvin, S. Y., DeVogelaere, A., Caress, D. W., Lovera, C., Kahn, A., Burton, E., King, C., Paduan, J. B., Wheat, C. G., Girard, F., Sudek, S., Hartwell, A. M., Sherman, A., McGill, P., Schnittger, A., Voight, J. R., & Martin, E. (2023). Abyssal hydrothermal springs—Cryptic incubators for brooding octopus. Science Advances, 9. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg3247

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Sperm Whales

Andreas, J., Beguš, G., Bronstein, M. M., Diamant, R., Delaney, D., Gero, S., Goldwasser, S., Gruber, D. F., de Haas, S., Malkin, P., Pavlov, N., Payne, R., Petri, G., Rus, D., Sharma, P., Tchernov, D., Tønnesen, P., Torralba, A., Vogt, D., & Wood, R. J. (2022). Toward understanding the communication in sperm whales. iScience, 25, 104393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104393

Aoki, K., Amano, M., Kubodera, T., Mori, K., Okamoto, R., & Sato, K. (2015). Visual and behavioral evidence indicates active hunting by sperm whales. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 523, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11141

Aoki, K., Amano, M., Mori, K., Kourogi, A., Kubodera, T., & Miyazaki, N. (2012). Active hunting by deep-diving sperm whales: 3D dive profiles and maneuvers during bursts of speed. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 444, 289–301. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09371

Begus, G., Sprouse, R., Leban, A., & Gero, S. (2023). Vowels and Diphthongs in Sperm Whales. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/285cs

Cantor, M., & Whitehead, H. (2015). How does social behavior differ among sperm whale clans? Marine Mammal Science, 31, 1275–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12218

Evans, K., & Hindell, M. A. (2004). The diet of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61, 1313–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.026

Fais, A., Johnson, M., Wilson, M., Aguilar Soto, N., & Madsen, P. T. (2016). Sperm whale predator-prey interactions involve chasing and buzzing, but no acoustic stunning. Scientific Reports, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28562

Fulling, G. L., Jefferson, T. A., Fertl, D., Vega, J. C. S., Oedekoven, C. S., & Kuczaj II, S. A. (2017). Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) Collision with a Research Vessel: Accidental Collision or Deliberate Ramming? Aquatic Mammals, 43, 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1578/am.43.4.2017.421

Gero, S., Whitehead, H., & Rendell, L. (2016). Individual, unit and vocal clan level identity cues in sperm whale codas. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 150372. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150372

Hersh, T. A., Gero, S., Rendell, L., Cantor, M., Weilgart, L., Amano, M., Dawson, S. M., Slooten, E., Johnson, C. M., Kerr, I., Payne, R., Rogan, A., Antunes, R., Andrews, O., Ferguson, E. L., Hom-Weaver, C. A., Norris, T. F., Barkley, Y. M., Merkens, K. P., … Whitehead, H. (2022). Evidence from sperm whale clans of symbolic marking in non-human cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2201692119

Irvine, L., Palacios, D. M., Urbán, J., & Mate, B. (2017). Sperm whale dive behavior characteristics derived from intermediate-duration archival tag data. Ecology and Evolution, 7, 7822–7837. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3322

Isojunno, S., & Miller, P. J. O. (2018). Movement and Biosonar Behavior During Prey Encounters Indicate That Male Sperm Whales Switch Foraging Strategy With Depth. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00200

Kobayashi, H., Whitehead, H., & Amano, M. (2020). Long-term associations among male sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). PLOS ONE, 15, e0244204. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244204

Leitao, A., Lucas, M., Poetto, S., Hersh, T. A., Gero, S., Gruber, D. F., Bronstein, M., & Petri, G. (2025). Evidence of social learning across symbolic cultural barriers in sperm whales. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.96362.2

Miller, P. J. O., Aoki, K., Rendell, L. E., & Amano, M. (2008). Stereotypical resting behavior of the sperm whale. Current Biology, 18, R21–R23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.003

Rendell, L. E., & Whitehead, H. (2003). Vocal clans in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2239

Sharma, P., Gero, S., Payne, R., Gruber, D. F., Rus, D., Torralba, A., & Andreas, J. (2024). Contextual and combinatorial structure in sperm whale vocalisations. Nature Communications, 15, 3617. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47221-8

Watwood, S. L., Miller, P. J. O., Johnson, M., Madsen, P. T., & Tyack, P. L. (2006). Deep-diving foraging behaviour of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 814–825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01101.x

Werth, A. J. (2004). Functional Morphology of the Sperm Whale (<I>Physeter macrocephalus</I>) Tongue, with Reference to Suction Feeding. Aquatic Mammals, 30, 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1578/am.30.3.2004.405

Werth, A. J. (2006). Odontocete suction feeding: Experimental analysis of water flow and head shape. Journal of Morphology, 267, 1415–1428. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10486

Whitehead, H. (2003). Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean. University of Chicago Press.

Whitehead, H. (2024). Sperm whale clans and human societies. Royal Society Open Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231353

Whitehead, H., & Rendell, L. (2004). Movements, habitat use and feeding success of cultural clans of South Pacific sperm whales. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2004.00798.x

Whitehead, H., & Shin, M. (2022). Current global population size, post-whaling trend and historical trajectory of sperm whales. Scientific Reports, 12, 19468. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24107-7

Turtles

Arienzo, M. (2023). Progress on the Impact of Persistent Pollutants on Marine Turtles: A Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11, 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020266

Casale, P., & Ceriani, S. (2019). Sea turtle populations are overestimated worldwide from remigration intervals: Correction for bias. Endangered Species Research, 41, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01019

Colferai, A. S., Silva-Filho, R. P., Martins, A. M., & Bugoni, L. (2017). Distribution pattern of anthropogenic marine debris along the gastrointestinal tract of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) as implications for rehabilitation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 119, 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.053

Darmon, G., Schulz, M., Matiddi, M., Loza, A. L., Tomás, J., Camedda, A., Chaieb, O., El Hili, H. A., Bradai, M. N., Bray, L., Claro, F., Dellinger, T., Dell’Amico, F., de Lucia, G. A., Duncan, E. M., Gambaiani, D., Godley, B., Kaberi, H., Kaska, Y., … Miaud, C. (2022). Drivers of litter ingestion by sea turtles: Three decades of empirical data collected in Atlantic Europe and the Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 185, 114364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114364

Eastman, C. R. (1916). The Reversus, A Fishing Tale of Christopher Columbus. Scientific Monthly, 3, 31–40.

Evans, D. R., Carthy, R. R., & Ceriani, S. A. (2019). Migration routes, foraging behavior, and site fidelity of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) satellite tracked from a globally important rookery. Marine Biology, 166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3583-4

Ferreira, L. C., Thums, M., Fossette, S., Wilson, P., Shimada, T., Tucker, A. D., Pendoley, K., Waayers, D., Guinea, M. L., Loewenthal, G., King, J., Speirs, M., Rob, D., & Whiting, S. D. (2020). Multiple satellite tracking datasets inform green turtle conservation at a regional scale. Diversity and Distributions, 27, 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13197

Gilman, E., & Huang, H.-W. (2016). Review of effects of pelagic longline hook and bait type on sea turtle catch rate, anatomical hooking position and at-vessel mortality rate. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 27, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9447-9

Hays, G. C., & Hawkes, L. A. (2018). Satellite Tracking Sea Turtles: Opportunities and Challenges to Address Key Questions. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00432

Hays, G. C., Schofield, G., Papazekou, M., Chatzimentor, A., Katsanevakis, S., & Mazaris, A. D. (2024). A pulse check for trends in sea turtle numbers across the globe. iScience, 27, 109071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109071

Hays, G. C., Shimada, T., & Schofield, G. (2022). A review of how the biology of male sea turtles may help mitigate female-biased hatchling sex ratio skews in a warming climate. Marine Biology, 169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04074-3

Hochscheid, S. (2014). Why we mind sea turtles’ underwater business: A review on the study of diving behavior. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 450, 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2013.10.016

Humber, F., Godley, B. J., & Broderick, A. C. (2014). So excellent a fishe: A global overview of legal marine turtle fisheries. Diversity and Distributions, 20, 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12183

Lapointe, B. E., West, L. E., Sutton, T. T., & Hu, C. (2014). Ryther revisited: Nutrient excretions by fishes enhance productivity of pelagic Sargassum in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 458, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.05.002

Lee, P. L. M., Schofield, G., Haughey, R. I., Mazaris, A. D., & Hays, G. C. (2018). A Review of Patterns of Multiple Paternity Across Sea Turtle Rookeries. Advances in Marine Biology, 79, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2017.09.004

Lohmann, K. J., Goforth, K. M., Mackiewicz, A. G., Lim, D. S., & Lohmann, C. M. F. (2022). Magnetic maps in animal navigation. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01529-8

Lohmann, K., & Lohmann, C. (1996). Orientation and open-sea navigation in sea turtles. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.73

Luschi, P. (2017). Behaviour: Migration and Navigation (Sea Turtles) (M. K. Skinner, Ed.; pp. 95–101). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20541-4

Mansfield, K. L., Wyneken, J., Porter, W. P., & Luo, J. (2014). First satellite tracks of neonate sea turtles redefine the ‘lost years’ oceanic niche. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20133039. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3039

Nelms, S. E., Duncan, E. M., Broderick, A. C., Galloway, T. S., Godfrey, M. H., Hamann, M., Lindeque, P. K., & Godley, B. J. (2015). Plastic and marine turtles: A review and call for research. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal Du Conseil, 73, 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv165

Patino-Martinez, J., Passos, L. D., Afonso, I. O., Teixidor, A., Tiwari, M., Székely, T., & Moreno, R. (2022). Globally important refuge for the loggerhead sea turtle: Maio Island, Cabo Verde. Oryx, 56, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605320001180

Pfaller, J. B., Goforth, K. M., Gil, M. A., Savoca, M. S., & Lohmann, K. J. (2020). Odors from marine plastic debris elicit foraging behavior in sea turtles. Current Biology, 30, R213–R214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.071

Putman, N. F., Seney, E. E., Verley, P., Shaver, D. J., López‐Castro, M. C., Cook, M., Guzmán, V., Brost, B., Ceriani, S. A., Mirón, R. de J. G. D., Peña, L. J., Tzeek, M., Valverde, R. A., Cantón, C. C. G., Howell, L., Ravell Ley, J. A., Tumlin, M. C., Teas, W. G., Caillouet, C. W., … Mansfield, K. L. (2020). Predicted distributions and abundances of the sea turtle ‘lost years’ in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Ecography, 43, 506–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04929

Rusli, M. U., Booth, D. T., & Joseph, J. (2016). Synchronous activity lowers the energetic cost of nest escape for sea turtle hatchlings. Journal of Experimental Biology, 219, 1505–1513. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134742

Standora, E. A., & Spotila, J. R. (1985). Temperature Dependent Sex Determination in Sea Turtles. Copeia, 1985, 711. https://doi.org/10.2307/1444765

Wallace, B. P., Lewison, R. L., McDonald, S. L., McDonald, R. K., Kot, C. Y., Kelez, S., Bjorkland, R. K., Finkbeiner, E. M., Helmbrecht, S., & Crowder, L. B. (2010). Global patterns of marine turtle bycatch. Conservation Letters, 3, 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00105.x

Wilcox, C., Heathcote, G., Goldberg, J., Gunn, R., Peel, D., & Hardesty, B. D. (2014). Understanding the sources and effects of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear on marine turtles in northern Australia. Conservation Biology, 29, 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12355

Epilogue

Bishop, M. J., Vozzo, M. L., Mayer-Pinto, M., & Dafforn, K. A. (2022). Complexity–biodiversity relationships on marine urban structures: Reintroducing habitat heterogeneity through eco-engineering. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0393

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